WBC Disorders Flashcards
list causes of neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia)
- infections
- pyogenic bacteria
- sterile inflammation
- acute inflammation
- gout, RA
- acute hemorrhage
- malignancy
list causes of eosinophilic leukocytosis
- allergic disorders
- skin diseases
- bullous pemphigus & pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis
- parasitic infestations
- drug reactions
- malignancies
- Hodgkin’s, T-cell
- collagen vascular diseases, vasculitis
list causes of reactive monocytosis
- chronic infxns
- TB, rickettsiosis, bacterial endocarditis, malaria
- collagen vascular diseases
- SLE
- IBD
- UC
list causes of reactive lymphocytosis
- viral infxns
- EBV, Hep A, CMV
- B. pertussis infxn
severe neutropenia is most commonly caused by ___
severe neutropenia is most commonly caused by drugs
- predictable, dose-related (e.g. chemotherapy)
- idiosyncratic; many drugs, usually immune-mediated by suppression of marrow precursors
for predictable neutropenia, such as following myelosuppressive chemotherapy, treatment includes ____
for predictable neutropenia, such as following myelosuppressive chemotherapy, treatment includes G-CSF (drug = filgrastim)
in follicular lymphoma, the tumor arises from ____
list the 2 patterns of growth, 2 types of cells, and their behavior
in follicular lymphoma, the tumor arises from germinal center B cells
2 types = nodular and diffuse
2 cells = small and large
diffuse and large = most aggressive
in follicular lymphoma, the translocation occurs between ____
in follicular lymphoma, the translocation occurs between t(14,18), between the heavy chain of Ig and BCL2
about 40% of follicular lymphomas transform to a more aggressive lymphoma, usually ____
about 40% of follicular lymphomas transform to a more aggressive lymphoma, usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL)
describe the image
follicular lymphoma
follicular lymphoma cells show strong BCL2 staining
describe the image
follicular lymphoma
nodular aggregates of lymphoma cells are present throughout lymph node
describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image
EBV (mostly) and CMV
“kissing disease” that is common in HS kids
the pathogenesis of the condition in the image is that the virus infects ____ cells but ____ cells are the reactive ones
the pathogenesis of the condition in the image is that the virus infects B cells but T cells are the reactive ones
describe the presentation of the condition in the image
a rash forms AFTER administration of ____
- fever
- sore throat
- lymphadenopathy (cervical, axillary, inguinal)
- hepatosplenomegaly
a rash forms AFTER administration of ampicllin
a ____ test/____ antibody test is positive for ____ but negative for ____ in the condition seen in the image
a monospot test/heterophile antibody test is positive for EBV but negative for CMV in the condition seen in the image
on bone marrow biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there are atypical, reactive, ____ aka ____
on bone marrow biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there are atypical, reactive, CD8 T cells aka Downey cells
on lymph node biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there is _____
on lymph node biopsy of the condition seen in the image, there is paracortical hyperplasia (T cells)
a complication of the condition seen in the image is ___ rupture which can lead to ____
therefore, patients with this condition should avoid ____
a complication of the condition seen in the image is splenic rupture which can lead to peritonitis → hypovolemic shock
therefore, patients with this condition should avoid contact sports
since the virus causing the condition in the image remains dormant in B-cells, a complication is _____
since the virus causing the condition in the image remains dormant in B-cells, a complication is non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma (Burkitt’s lymphoma)
describe the image
Burkitt’s lymphoma - lymph node
The tumor cells and their nuclei are fairly uniform, giving a monotonous appearance
Note the high level of mitotic activity (arrowheads) and prominent nucleoli
The “starry sky” pattern is produced by interspersed, lightly staining, normal macrophages
the condition seen in the image is ____ lymphoma of ___ cells caused by ____
what translocation is associated with this condition?
the condition seen in the image is non-Hodgkin lymphoma of medium B cells caused by EBV
t(8, 14): c-myc & heavy chain of Ig
describe the 3 types of the condition seen in the image
- African/endemic: 100% EBV; doubling time = 24 hours
- painless mass in mandible → mandibular lymphadenopathy
- American/sporadic
- mesenteric lymph nodes → intestinal obstruction (ileocecal)
- HIV associated BL
the African (aka endemic) variant of the condition seen in the image occurs _____ (location)
whereas
the sporadic (non-endemic) variant occurs _____
the African (aka endemic) variant of the condition seen in the image occurs on the mandible
whereas
the sporadic (non-endemic) variant occurs in the abdomen (ileocecal)
on lymph node biopsy of the condition seen in the image, a ____ appearance is seen with microscopy
since the cell are rapidly dividing, ____ figures are also seen and stains positive with ____
on lymph node biopsy, a starry sky appearance is seen with microscopy (high mitotic rate + apoptosis + macrophages)
since the cell are rapidly dividing, mitotic figures are also seen and stains positive with Ki67
on flow cytometry of the condition seen in the image, the cells are CD____ positive (3 CD markers)
on flow cytometry of the condition seen in the image, the cells are CD10, CD19, CD20 (B cells!) positive
list poor prognostic factors for the condition seen in the image
poor prognosis = B symptoms (fever, weight loss, night sweats), extranodal spread
the condition seen in the image has a good response to ____ and most ____ can be cured, but ____ do worse
the condition seen in the image has a good response to high dose chemotherapy and most kids/young adults can be cured, but older adults do worse
in the condition seen in the image, the pathogenesis is mature, non-functional malignant ____ that coexpress CD___ and CD___
in the condition seen in the image, the pathogenesis is naive, non-functional malignant B-cells that coexpress CD20 and CD5
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
- pancytopenia = malignant B cells activate normal B lymphocytes to form IgG → immune-mediated damage to RBCs (warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia) → (+) Coombs and spherocytes
- recurrent infections caused by neutropenia and hypogammaglobulinemia
describe a characteristic finding that is seen on PB smear of the condition seen in the image
PB smear: smudge cells (mature B cells that get crushed due to fragile membranes)
describe what is seen on lymph node biopsy of the condition seen in the image
- LN: diffuse replacement by predominantly small round lymphocytes with few larger cells often concentrated in pale “proliferation centers”
what is the most common cause of death of the condition seen in the image?
most common COD = recurrent infections due to neutropenia & hypogammaglobulinemia
the condition seen in the image can also transform into ____, which is also called ____ transformation
the condition seen in the image can also transform into DLBL, which is also called Richter’s transformation
marginal zone lymphoma is an (aggressive or indolent?) lymphoma of small ____ cells
marginal zone lymphoma is an indolent lymphoma of small B cells
the most common site of a marginal zone lymphoma is the ____ (superimposed on ____)
the most common site of a marginal zone lymphoma is the stomach (superimposed on Helicobacter gastritis)
antibiotic treatment of Helicobacter gastritis has caused regression of some early stomach marginal zone lymphomas
what are other causes of marginal zone lymphoma?
associated with chronic inflammatory states, like Hashimoto thyroiditis (thyroid gland), Sjogren syndrome (salivary glands) and H. pylori gastritis (stomach)
the condition seen in the image is an ____ (aggressive vs. indolent?) ___ cell leukemia
the condition seen in the image is an indolent B cell leukemia
describe the presentation of the condition in the image
what is NOT seen on presentation?
- pancytopenia (normochromic normocytic anemia → fatigue)
- recurrent infections (neutropenia)
- bleeding (thrombocytopenia)
- NO lymphadenopathy
in the condition seen in the image, there is extramedullary hematopoiesis, which leads to _____ that has a _____ appearance
in the condition seen in the image, there is extramedullary hematopoiesis, which leads to splenomegaly that has a beefy red appearance (accumulation of hairy cells in red pulp)
describe what is seen on PB smear of the condition in the image, and what it is stained with
- PB smear: malignant B cells with cytoplasmic fine hair-like projections
- TRAP stain positive (TRAP = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)
describe bone marrow biopsy of the condition seen in the image
- BM: dry tap due to fibrosis (TGF-B and PDGF)
- infiltrate of small lymphocytes with abundant pale cytoplasm (“fried egg” appearance) enmeshed in reticulin
- usually fibrosis means marrow cannot be aspirated
explain how the word “TRAP” helps determine clinical features of the condition seen in the image
TRAP = tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of hairy cell leukemia
cells get trapped in red pulp = splenomegaly
cells get trapped in bone marrow = dry aspiration
cells trapped in other locations = NO lymphadenopathy (where it should normally be)
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is ____
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is recurrent infections
what are the characteristic CD markers in the condition seen in the image?
CD20, CD11c, CD25, CD103
acute leukemias normally have no ____
while
chronic leukemias do have ____ (with ____ being the exception)
acute leukemias normally have no lymphadenopathy
while
chronic leukemias do have lymphadenopathy (with hairy cell leukemia being the exception)
describe the pathogenesis of the condition seen in the image
monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow
describe the pathogenesis of bone symptoms seen in the condition in the image
- myeloma-derived factors upregulate the expression of RANKL, which in turn activate osteoclasts → produces punched-out lytic lesions in bone
- most commonly affected = lumbar spine = back pain
- breaking bone = hypercalcemia
describe what is seen on serum protein electrophoresis of the condition seen in the image
M spike (monoclonal Igs) = IgG and IgA
in the condition seen in the image, upon PB smear, ____ formation is seen
explain this
in the condition seen in the image, upon PB smear, rouleaux formation is seen b/c increased serum protein decreases charge between RBCs
describe what is seen on urine analysis of the condition seen in the image
urine = BJ proteins and kappa & lambda lights chains (AL amyloid)
list the 4 causes of renal failure in the condition seen in the image
- AL amyloidosis
- increased uric acid = toxic to renal tubules & uric acid stones
- increased Ca2+ = toxic and makes stones
- recurrent kidney infxns = acute pyelonephritis
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is ____
why?
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is recurrent infections
although there is an increase in Igs, there is monoclonal proliferation and therefore no antigenic diversity
describe the classical vignette for the condition seen in the image
55+ year old man presents with back pain
the condition seen in the image is composed of ____ cells which are altered _____
the condition seen in the image is composed of Reed-Sternberg cells which are altered germinal center B-lymphocytes
describe the image
neoplastic Reed-Sternberg cells (altered germinal center B-lymphocytes) in the minority
non-neoplastic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils) in the background in the majority
the classical form of the cells seen in the condition express CD___ and CD___
while
the variant form of the cells seen in the condition express CD___ and CD____
the classical form of the cells seen in the condition express CD15 and CD30
while
the variant form of the cells seen in the condition express CD20 and CD45
describe the nodular sclerosis type of the condition seen in the image
- commonest subtype of HL
- mediastinal involvement very common
- large nodules, at least partly surrounded by thick fibrous collagen bands
- presence of a type of RS cell called lacunar RS cells
in the nodular sclerosis form of the condition seen in the image, there are large ___, surrounded by ____
along with the presence of ____ cells
in the nodular sclerosis form of the condition seen in the image, there are large nodules, surrounded by thick fibrous collagen bands
along with the presence of lacunar RS cells cells
describe what is seen in the image
Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular sclerosis type
well-defined bands of pink, acellular collagen that subdivides the tumor into nodules
describe what is seen in the image
Hodgkin lymphoma
Lacunar RS cells
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
- painless rubbery enlargement of one or more lymph nodes (cervical & axillary)
- pain only after drinking alcohol
- B symptoms:
- fever
- night sweats
- weight loss
on LN biopsy of the condition seen in the image, the causative cells have a ____ nucleus
on LN biopsy, RS cells have a mirror-imaged Owl’s eye nucleus
in the condition seen in the image, ___ is the most important prognostic indicator
what factors cause poor prognosis?
in the condition seen in the image, stage is the most important prognostic indicator
- poor prognosis = increased RS cells, B symptoms, extranodal spread
describe how to differentiate between ALL and AML
15% of the condition seen in the image are precursor T-cell neoplasms that usually present as a _____ mass in an adolescent male
15% of the condition seen in the image are precursor T-cell neoplasms that usually present as a mediastinal (thymic) mass in an adolescent male
the mutation in the T-cell form of the condition seen in the image is usually in the ____ (gene)
the mutation in this condition is usually in the NOTCH-1 (point mutation) gene
up to 70% of T-ALLs have gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH1, a gene that is essential for T cell differentiation
the condition in the image commonly occurs in ____ and is associated with ____ (before or after?) the age of 5
the condition in the image commonly occurs in childhood and is associated with Down syndrome after the age of 5
contrast this with AML, where it is associated with Down syndrome before the age of 5
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
- presentation:
- pancytopenia, recurrent infections and thrombocytopenia
- extramedullary hematopoiesis = hepatosplenomegaly
- bone pain (due to expansion by the blasts)
in the B-cell form of the condition seen in the image, the associated CD markers are ____ (3), and is also ____ positive
classic B cell CD markers = CD10, 19, 20
also TdT positive
describe the T-cell form of the condition seen in the image
the T cell form of the condition seen in the image is associated with CD markers ___ and is also ____ positive
the T cell form of the condition seen in the image is associated with CD markers CD2 - CD8
and is also TdT positive
the translocation associated with good prognosis of the condition seen in the image is ____
the translocation associated with good prognosis of the condition seen in the image is t(12,21)
the translocation associated with a poor prognosis of the condition seen in the image is ____
the translocation associated with a poor prognosis of the condition seen in the image is t(9,22)
the condition seen in the image most commonly occurs in ____ (age of patients)
the condition seen in the image most commonly occurs in older adults >50
describe what is seen in the image
the FAB classification for the condition seen in the image is ____
the FAB classification for the condition seen in the image is M3
chromosomal translocations of the condition seen in the image usually occur in ____
while
deletions/monosomy of chr. 5 & 7 usually occur in ____
chromosomal translocations of the condition seen in the image usually occur in younger adults with de novo AML
e.g. t(15,17), t(8,21), t(16,16)
most translocation in the condition seen in the image confer a better prognosis, except those involving ___
most translocation in the condition seen in the image confer a better prognosis, except those involving chr. 11
in the condition seen in the image, deletions/monosomy of chr. ___ usually occur in ____
in the condition seen in the image, deletions/monosomy of chr . 5/7 usually occur in older adults with AML, myelodysplasia (MDS), post-chemo/radiotherapy
based on the condition seen in the image, describe the t(15;17) translocation
- translocation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) on chr. 17with thePML gene onchr. 15
- the PML/RAR fusion protein blocks myeloid differentiation at the promyelocytic stage (probably by inhibiting the function of normal retinoic acid receptors)
describe the presentation of the t(15;17) translocation in the condition seen in the image
- presentation: pancytopenia, recurrent infxns, thrombocytopenia
- extramedullary hematopoeisis: hepatosplenomegaly
-
Auer rods are thrombogenic → DIC
- Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome
- destruction of adrenal cortex → Addison’s disease
- Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome
in the condition seen in the image, there are ____ present in the cell, which are thrombogenic and can ultimately lead to ____
in the condition seen in the image, there are Auer rods present in the cell, which are thrombogenic and can ultimately lead to DIC
the treatment of the t(15;17) translocation of the condition seen in the image is with ____
the treatment of the t(15;17) translocation of the condition seen in the image is with ATRA which induces differentiation to neutrophils
the FAB classification for the monocytic variant of the condition seen in the image is ____
the FAB classification for the monocytic variant of the condition seen in the image is M5
the M4/M5 variant of the condition seen in the image characteristically involves ____ infiltrating the ____
the M4/M5 (aka acute monocytic leukemia)variant of the condition seen in the image characteristically involvesblastsinfiltrating thegums
the M4/M5 variant of the condition in the image involves proliferation of ___ and the subtype lacks ___
the M4/M5 variant of the condition in the image involves proliferation of monoblasts and the subtype lacks MPO
the condition seen in the image is positive for ____ (which helps differentiate it from ___ which is positive for ____)
the condition seen in the image is positive for MPO (which helps differentiate it from ALL which is positive for TdT)
the M7 variant of the condition seen in the image (aka ____) lacks ____ and is associated with ____
the M7 variant of the condition seen in the image (aka acute megakaryoblastic leukemia) lacks MPO and is associated with Down sydrome before the age of 5
“need to karyo child under 5”
describe what is seen on BM biopsy in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
usually hypercellular, but ineffective disorganized hematopoiesis
in the condition seen in the image, there is proliferation of ____ cells, especially ____
____ are markedly increased
in the condition seen in the image, there is proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially granulocytes
basophils are markedly increased
the translocation associated with the condition in the image is t(___), which results in ____
the translocation associated with the condition in the image is t(9;22), which results in overactivity of TK receptor
in the condition seen in the image, there is an increase in neutrophils, so why are there recurrent infections in these patients?
PMNs are monoclonal with decreased LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase) score, and are therefore unable to fight off infections
describe what is seen on PB smear in the condition in the image
striking left-shifted leukocytosis, with mostly neutrophils & precursors (metamyelocytes, myelocytes)
increase in eosinophils and basophils
what is usually the first symptom seen in the condition in the image?
sometimes the first symptom is a dragging sensation in the abdomen caused by splenomegaly
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
- pruritus (itching) after hot showers b/c basophils make histamine
- extramedullary hematopoiesis → hepatosplenomegaly
- fatigue, weakness, weight loss
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is ___ due to a decrease in ____ score
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is recurrent infxns due to a decrease in LAP score
in the condition seen in the image, a complication is ___ and ___ failure due to an increase in ____
in the condition seen in the image, a complication is gout and renal failure due to an increase in uric acid (hyperuricemia)
in the condition seen in the image, a complication is transformation to ___
in the condition seen in the image, a complication is transformation to AML which can ultimately cause DIC
the best treatment for the condition seen in the image is with ____
treatment for the condition seen in the image is with imatinib/Gleevec/STI571 = TK inhibitor
list other potential treatments for the condition seen in the image
- allogenic BM transplantation
- interferon-a slows down disease
- hydroxyurea = “gentle” chemotherapy
the mutation associated with polycythemia vera is ____
the mutation associated with polycythemia vera is JAK2 mutation
in polycythemia vera, due to the JAK2 mutation, the cells are hypersensitive to ____, and there is ____in the serum
in polycythemia vera, due to the JAK2 mutation, the cells are hypersensitive to EPO, and there is low EPO in the serum
in the condition seen in the image, there is a mutation in ____ which leads to ____ secreting ____
in the condition seen in the image, there is a mutation in JAK2 which leads to atypical megakaryocytes secreting TGF-B & PDGF → abnormal deposition of collagen → BM fibrosis → pancytopenia
in the condition seen in the image, there is massive ____ hematopoiesis which leads to ____
in the condition seen in the image, there is massive extramedullary hematopoiesis which leads to hepatosplenomegaly
on BM aspiration in the condition in the image, what is seen?
DRY TAP due to massive fibrosis
describe what is seen on BM biopsy in the condition in the image
- BM biopsy: collagen stains black with reticulin b/c BM is hypocellular
describe what is seen in the PB smear in the condition in the image
teardrop cells (dacrocytes) & leukoerythroblastosis (immature RBCs and WBCs)
____ cells are commonly seen in a PB smear of the condition seen in the image
tear-drop cells are commonly seen in a PB smear of the condition seen in the image
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is ____
the most common cause of death in the condition seen in the image is recurrent infxns
a complication of the condition in the image is transformation to ____
a complication of the condition in the image is transformation to AML
list the diseases that can transform to AML
- myeloproliferative disorders (blast crisis)
- CML = most common
- MDS
- essential thrombocytosis
- polycythemia vera
- myelofibrosis
- CLL
- PNH (can also transform to MDS)
