Male Genital System Flashcards
which bacteria can cause cystitis?
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
which fungus can cause cystitis?
Candida
which parasite can cause cystitis?
S. hematobium
what are iatrogenic causes of cystitis?
chemotherapy, radiation (hemorrhagic cystitis)
list predisposing factors for cystitis
- more common in female (short urethra)
- diabetes mellitus
- instrumentation
- catheter, cystoscopy
- bladder calculi
- bladder outlet obstruction
- male = BPH
name clinical features of cystitis
- urinary frequency
- dysuria = pain or burning micturition
- pain over bladder/suprapubic
- fever and chills
- microhematuria
describe what is seen on pathological exam in chronic interstitial cystitis
- chronic inflammation
- mast cells
the condition seen in the image is associated with mutations in ___, ___ and ___ genes
urothelial carcinoma is associated with mutations in p53, Rb and p16 genes
the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is ___
the greatest risk factor for the condition seen in the image is SMOKING
which drugs are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?
analgesic abuse (phenacetin)
cyclophosphamide
which chemicals are associated risk factors for the condition in the image?
naphthylamine
rubber products
infection with ___ is a risk factor for the ____ type of the condition seen in the image
infection with Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (NOT urothelial)
describe the presentation of the condition seen in the image
- painless hematuria
- dysuria
- urgency & frequency
- flank pain
in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into ____ and causes ___ and therefore the patient presents earlier
in the papillary form of the condition in the image, it projects into the lumen of the bladder and causes obstructive symptoms and therefore the patient presents earlier
the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a ___ grade tumor that presents ___ and has a ____ prognosis because it ____
the flat type of the condition seen in the image is a high-grade tumor that presents late and has a poor prognosis because it invades the bladder wall
the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated with ___ and ___
the squamous cell type of the condition seen in the image is associated mainly with S. hematobium and bladder stones
a vignette with an “Egyptian immigrant” who has the condition seen in the image. Diagnosis and etiology?
squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder caused by S. hematobium (parasite)
describe clinical features of prostatitis
- dysuria, frequency, urgency
- low back/pelvic or genital pain
- fever, chills and leukocytosis
- loss of sex drive
- painful erections/ejaculation
describe the findings of a DRE in prostatitis
enlarged, tender prostate
describe what is seen in the image
describe the etiology of the condition seen in the image
testosterone → DHT by 5-alpha reductase (found in stromal cells) causes hyperplasia of stroma & glands
affects central/periurethral & transitional zones
the condition seen in the image affects ___ and ___ zones
it does NOT affect the ___ zone which is affected by ____ only
the condition seen in the image affects central/periurethral and transitional zones
it does NOT affect the peripheral zone which is affected by prostate cancer only
____ is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image
testosterone is the most important predisposing factor for the condition seen in the image
list the signs and symptoms of the condition seen in the image
- urethral compression:
- difficulty starting & stopping urination
- frequency/dribbling
- nocturia. dysuria
the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of ___ and ___ (torturous, dilated/distended)
with 2 layers: inner ___ and outer ____
the histology of the condition seen in the image is hyperplasia of stroma and glands (torturous, dilated/distended)
with 2 layers: inner columnar and outer flattened basal cells
on DRE of the condition seen in the image, what is seen?
uniformly enlarged, NOT nodular
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is ___; what else can this cause?
the initial complication of the condition seen in the image is obstruction;
back up of urine → bilateral hydroureters/hydronephrosis→chronic renal failure→ increased serum calcium → recurrent kidney & bladder stones →infections and acute urinary retention
list 2 potential treatments for the condition seen in the image
- TURP = transurethral resection
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
____ is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer related cause of death in men >50 yrs
prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and 2nd most common cancer-related cause of death in men >50 yrs
list the risk factors for the condition seen in the image
- AGE (>65)
- African Americans
- high fat diet
- HPC1 gene
- RNASEL gene
- family history
the condition seen in the image affects the ___ zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from ____
the condition seen in the image affects the peripheral zone and therefore presents late because it is further away from the urethra