Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

E - Haem > WBC > Flashcards

WBC Flashcards

1
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

increase in total WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

a decrease in total WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what iis neutrophilia?

A

increase in neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is lymphocytosis

A

increase in lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is monocytosis?

A

increase in monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is eosinophilia?

A

increase in eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is basophilia?

A

increase in basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is neutopenia?

A

decrease in neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the three granulocytes with segmented neucli?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is lymphopenia?

A

decrease in lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is monocytopenia?

A

decrease in monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is eosinopenia?

A

decrease in eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two pools of neutrophils?

A

circulating pool and marginal pool
- in cats the marginal pool is 50-75%
- in the dog the marginal pool is 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the factors/compounds that cause the neutrophils to shift from the marginal pool to the circulating pool?

A
  • epinephrine
  • glucocorticoids
  • infection
  • stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does a more than double in neurophil concentration on a blood test mean?

A

if the neutrophil conc is just double this can be accounted for as a stress response and the marginal pool entering the circulation pool
however if more than double then there must be an increase in the number of neutrophils being made by the bone marrow

however if the inflammation is sever enough then the tissue consumtion could be utilising the neutrophils quicker than they are being made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the inflammatory causes of neutrophilia?

A
  • Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal)
  • Immune mediated anaemia
  • Necrosis (including haemolysis, sterile inflammation and FB’s)
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the steroid causes of neutrophilia?

A

Stress
Steroid therapy
Hyperadrenocorticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are physiological causes of neutrophilia?

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Fight or flight (excitement, fear, pain, exercise)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the other (non inflammatory/steroid/physiological) reasons for neutrophilia?

A

Chronic neutrophil leukaemia
Paraneoplastic (rectal polyp, renal tubular carcinoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma)
Other E.g. Leukocyte Adhesion factor Deficiency (inherited)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of neutrophilia?

A
  • increased release of marrow storage pool cells
  • demarginiation of neutrophils
  • decreased extravasation into tissues
  • expansion of marrow precursor pool
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is left shift of neutrophils?

A

segmented neutrophils are mature and are at the end of the ‘line’ of neutrophil development, the banded stage comes before them, when we see lots of baned neurophils this means that immature neutrophils are being released into the circulation and we call this left shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a right shift of neutrophils?

A

hyper mature cells (very segmented)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a regenerative left shift?

A

when there are band neutrophils present but there are more segmented neutrophils present than banded neutrophils - therefore the neutrophil number is going up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a degenerative left shift?

A

when there are more immature (banded) neutrophils inthe circulation than segmented, this can cause the number of neutrophils to stay the same or to decrease
a poor prognostic sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what two mechanisms cause left shift to occur?

A

significant inflamatory demand will cause:
- increased release of marrow storage pool cells
- expansion of marrow precursor pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what mechanism will cause right shift?

A

decreased extravascularisation into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is neutrophil toxic change?

A

rapid neutropoiesis - formation of neutrophils

morphologic abnormalities acquired during maturation under conditions that intensely stimulate neutrophil production and shorten the maturation time in marrow.

(if you use the army ananalysis left shift is sendign younger people to battle, and toxic change is giving them less time in boot camp, not full maturation process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the causes of neutrophil toxic change?

A
  • Usually severe bacterial infection
  • but Not always - can induce by injecting Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
  • Other example assocations: Parvo, IMHA, ARF, DIC, neoplasia
    Prognostic indicator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

on a blood smear how do you recognise neutrophil toxic change?

A
  • Foamy cytoplasm
  • Diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
    Persistent of cytoplasmic RNA
    Incl segmented neutrophils
  • Döhle bodies Focal blue-grey cytoplasmic structures (RER/RNA)
    (Isolated finding in some healthy cats)
  • Asynchronus nuclear maturation - Finely granular nuclear chromatin but in “segments”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

normal mature neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

toxic neutrophil

32
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

normal band (immature) neutrophil

33
Q

what type of cell is this?

A

toxic band neutrophil

34
Q

what bacterial inculsions can be seen in neutrophils?

A

ehrlichia, anaplasma

35
Q

what viral inculsions can be seen in neutrophils?

A

canine distemper

36
Q

what protozoa inculsions can be seen in neutrophils?

A

toxoplasma, hepatozoon

37
Q

what fungi inculsions can be seen in neutrophils?

A

histoplasma

38
Q

what hereditary/metabolic things can cause inculsions to be seen in neutrophils?

A
  • chediak-higashi
  • birman cat anomaly
  • mucopolysidosis
39
Q

what is the functionally equivalent cell of neutrophils in rebbitas and reptiles , what colour to the granules inthe cytoplasm stain?

A

heterophils - stain red

40
Q

what are the inflammatory causes of neutropenia?

A

Per-acute/overwhelming bacterial infections
Canine and feline parvo-virus

41
Q

what are the decreased production causes of neutropenia?

A

damage to bone marrow
* Infections: parvovirus, FeLV, toxoplasma
* Toxicity: chemotherapy, oestrogen, chloramphenicol (cats)
* Neoplasia: leukaemia, myelodysplastic, metastatic
* Marrow necrosis
* Myelofibrosis

42
Q

relating to the marrow reserve and regenertion capacity of neutrophils in dogs and cats what is the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation?

A

high marrow reserve and rapid regeneration therefore very servere lesion

43
Q

relating to the marrow reserve and regenertion capacity of neutrophils in horses what is the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation?

A

intermediate reserve and regeneration so probable servere lesion

44
Q

relating to the marrow reserve and regenertion capacity of neutrophils in cows what is the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation?

A

low reserve and slow regeneration therefore neutropenia typical in inflammation regardless of severity

45
Q

due to the half life of the blood cells when the re is a marrow disruption, what is the order in which the cells with disappear?

A

neutrophils (hours), then platelets (days), RBC (months)

when neutrophils leave the circulation they die - there is no recirculation

46
Q

what tissues and organs do lymphocytes ciculate through?

A

spleen, heart, tissues, lymph nodes
via blood and lymphatic vessels

47
Q

what are reactive lymphocytes?

A

immunocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes (look like plasma cells, have white area nect to golgi apparatus)

seen with inflammation in young animals

48
Q

what are the apperance of reactive lymphocytes?

A

stimulated T or B cells
* increased cytoplasm
* increased cytoplasmic basophilia
* prominent golgi zone
* cleaved nucleus (dented)

49
Q

what are the physiological reasons for lymphocytosis?

A

Catecholamine mediated via splenic contraction (especially cats)

50
Q

what are the inflammation causes of lymphocytosis?

A

chronic inflammation: - although normally inflammatory conditions are stressful enough that you see lymphopenia
* Chronic antigenic stimulation
* May include reactive lymphocytes
* Usu with neutrophilia and/or monocytosis (±eosinophilia)

51
Q

what are the non physiologicla reasons for lymphocytosis?

A
  • Young animals and recent vaccination
  • Lymphoproliferative disorder (incl FeLV, BLV) - May be lymphopenia in lymphoma - tumuor
52
Q

what endocrine disease can cause lymphocytosis?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism - addison’s
there is a decrease in glucocorticoids therefore there is a loss of normal level of lymphocyte inhibition that would be caused by glucocorticoids
lymphocytes are normaly very sensitive to glucocorticoids - this is why we use glucocorticoids as immunosuppressive

53
Q

what are the 7 general causes of lymphopenia?

A
  • stress/steroid
  • acute inflammation
  • loss of lymph
  • cytotoxic drugs, raddiation
  • immunodeficiency syndrome
  • lymphoma
54
Q

why does lymphopenia occur with stres/steroids?

A

Endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid - shifts lymphocytes out of circulation & lymphocytolysis

55
Q

what does acute inflammation cause lymphopenia?

A
  • Bacterial, viral or endotoxaemia
  • Migration to inflamed tissue and homing to LN’s
  • Often with neutrophilia or neutropenia
  • Correction of lymphopenia → better prognosis
56
Q

what conditions can cause loss of lymph?

A

chylothorax (drainage), or lymphangiactasia

dilated intestinal lacteals resulting in lymph leakage into the small bowel lumen and responsible for protein-losing enteropathy

57
Q

what is lymphangiectasia?

A

dilated intestinal lacteals resulting in lymph leakage into the small bowel lumen and responsible for protein-losing enteropathy

58
Q

what does lymphoma cause lyphopenia?

A

LN pathology and disrupted circulation

59
Q

what is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

monocytes are within blood and macrophages are are what they differentiate into when they enter the tissues
they are responsible for phagocytosis
and result inthe release of immune mediators (cytokines)

60
Q

when does monocytosis occur?

A
  • Inflammation
    May imply “chronic”
    Bacterial, fungal, protozoal
    Necrosis: haemolysis, haemorrhage, neoplasia, infarction, trauma
    Inconsistent finding (chronic but also acute inflammation)
  • Steroid/Stress
  • Monocytic/myelomonocytic leukaemia

Monocytopenia not recognised a clinically significant entity

61
Q

what endocrine condition can cause monocytosis?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

62
Q

what are the causes of eosinophilia?

(6)

A
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Parasitism
  • Hypoadrenocorticism
  • Paraneoplastic (esp Mast cell but also others)
  • Idiopathic eosinophilic syndromes:
    E.g., canine eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, myositis, feline eosinophilic granuloma etc
  • Eosinophilic leukaemia (v rare)
63
Q

what 3 things cause eosinopenia?

A

glucocorticoids, stress, inflammation
- many reference intervals include ‘0’

64
Q

what WBC is a rare finding on a blood smear in SA?

A

basophil

65
Q

what are these?

A

basophils

66
Q

what are these?

A

eosinophils

67
Q

what are these?

A

monocytes

68
Q

what is this?

A

reactive lymphocyte

69
Q

why are nucleated red cells problematic?

A

Manual and automated counting methods for total WBCC that count nuclei in lysed samples, will need WBCC correcting for nRBC’s

70
Q

what are the causes of nucleated red cells?

A
  • Can be present in moderate numbers in regenerative anaemias, lead toxicity
  • the spleen can generate RBCs and therefore splenic contraction and damaged marrow can cause increase due to the filter not being as good in these situations and therefore the nucleated cells can escape
  • Present in inappropriately high numbers in erythroleukaemia (erythemic myelosis; cats)
71
Q

what is shown here?

A

the top and bottom cells are nucleated red cells and the middle are lymphocyte

72
Q

what is shown here?

A

big, unclassified neoplastic cells, acute leukaemia

73
Q

what will steroids/ stress cause withing the blood?

A
  1. eosinopenia
  2. lymphopenia
  3. mature neutrophilia
  4. +/- monocytosis
74
Q

what WBC result should you see with suspected hyperadrenocorticism?

A

eosinopenia - if not reconsider dx

75
Q

if a very sick patient does not have what blood result what endocrine disorder do you need to consider?

A

if the patient does not have eosinopenia you need to consider hypoadrenocorticism

76
Q

what substance is present in excitement and fear (fight or flight)?

A

Catecholamine
* Travel, capture, chutes
* Handling

77
Q

what blood results will you see with fight or flight response (excitment and fear)?

A
  • Mature neutrophilia
  • Lymphocytosis - esp. cats

Resolves within hours or less

E - Haem (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions