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Psychology - IN FOCUS Biopsychology > Ways of studying the brain > Flashcards

Ways of studying the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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2
Q

fMRI works by…

A

detecting the changes in both blood oxygenation and flow

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3
Q

What do changes in blood oxygenation and flow occur as a result of?

A

Neural activity in specific parts of the brain

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4
Q

When a brain area is more active it consumes more/less oxygen

A

more

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5
Q

Why is blood flow directed to active areas of the brain?

A

To meet increased demand as the area is consuming more oxygen

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6
Q

When a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen - to meet this increased demand, blood flow is directed to the active area. What is this called?

A

Haemodynamic response

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7
Q

fMRI produces 2D/3D/4D images

A

3D

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8
Q

fMRI produces 3D images called what?

A

Activation maps

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9
Q

What do activation maps produced by fMRI show?

A

Which parts of the brain are involved in particular mental processes

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10
Q

fMRI show which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process. This has important implications in our understanding of what?

A

Localisation of function

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11
Q

True/False: fMRI relies on the use of radiation

A

False, it doesn’t

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12
Q

True/False: If administered correctly, fMRI is virtually risk-free

A

True

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13
Q

In what ways is fMRI virtually risk-free?

A

It’s non-invasive and straightforward, doesn’t use radiation

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14
Q

fMRI produces images that have very high/low spatial resolution

A

high

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15
Q

How much detail does fMRI offer?

A

They depict detail by the millimetre and provide a clear picture of how brain activity is localised

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16
Q

True/False: fMRI can safely provide a clear picture of brain activity

A

True

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17
Q

fMRI is cheap/expensive compared to other neuroimaging techniques

A

Expensive

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18
Q

fMRI has a high/poor temporal resolution

A

poor

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19
Q

Why does fMRI have a poor temporal resolution?

A

There is around a 5-second time-lag behind the image on screen and initial firing of neuronal activity

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20
Q

The fact that fMRI has poor temporal resolution means it may…

A

not truly represent moment-to-moment brain activity

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21
Q

Post-mortem examinations

A

A technique involving teh analysis of a person’s brain following their death

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22
Q

Why are post-mortem examinations carried out?

A

Areas of damage within the brain are examined as a means of establishing the likely cause of the affliction the person experienced

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23
Q

Why may post-mortem examinations involve comparison with a neurotypical brain?

A

In order to ascertain the extent of the difference

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24
Q

In psychological research, who are individuals whose brains are subject to a postmortem most likely to be?

A

Those who have a rare disorder/experienced unusual deficits in cognitive processes or behaviour during their lifetime

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25
Q

Post-mortem examinations are vital in providing a foundation for…

A

early understanding of key processes in the brain

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26
Q

True/False: Broca and Wernicke both relied on post-mortem studies

A

True

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27
Q

How did Broca and Wernicke both rely on post-mortem studies?

A

In establishing links between language, brain and behaviour decades before neuroimaging ever became a possibility

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28
Q

True/False: Post-mortem studies were used to study HM’s brain to identify the areas of damage

A

True

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29
Q

Post-mortem studies were used to study HM’s brain to identify areas of damage when could then be associated with…

A

his memory deficits

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30
Q

The fact that post-mortem studies were used to study HM’s brain to identify the areas of damage means that post-mortems…

A

continue to provide useful information

31
Q

C________ is an issue within post-mortem studies

A

Causation

32
Q

How is causation an issue within post-mortem studies?

A

Observed damage to the brain may not be linked to the deficits under review - could be to do with some other unrelated trauma or decay

33
Q

What is the main ethical issue involved in post-mortem studies?

A

Consent from the individual before death

34
Q

Why may have HM not been able to provide informed consent?

A

He lost his ability to form memories and was not able to provide such consent

35
Q

True/False: Although HM lost his ability to form memories and was unable to provide informed consent, post-mortem research was still conducted on his brain

A

True

36
Q

The issue of conformed consent challenges the usefulness of ____-______ studies in psychological research

A

post-mortem

37
Q

What are techniques for investigating the brain often used for?

A

Medical purposes in the diagnosis of illness

38
Q

The purpose of scanning in psychological research is often to investigate ____________

A

localisation

39
Q

Why is the purpose of scanning in psychological research often to investigate localisation?

A

To determine what parts of the brain do what

40
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

41
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

Measures electrical activity within the brain that are fixed to an individual’s scalp using a skull cap

42
Q

What does the scan recording in an EEG represent?

A

Brainwave patterns generated from the action of thousands of neurons

43
Q

The scan recording in an EEG represents brainwave patterns generated from the action of how many neurons?

A

thousands

44
Q

What does an EEG provide with its scan?

A

An overall amount of brain activity

45
Q

When are EEGs often used?

A

By clinicians as a diagnostic tool

46
Q

Unusual __________ patterns of activity in an EEG may indicate neurological abnormalities

A

arrhythmic

47
Q

Unusual arrhythmic patterns of activity in an EEG may indicate neurological abnormalities such as (name one)

A

Epilepsy, tumours and sleep disorders

48
Q

Which way of studying the brain is crude and overly general in its raw form?

A

EEGs

49
Q

Within EEG data are contained all the neural responses associated with…

A

specific sensory, cognitive and motor events

50
Q

Why did researchers develop ERPs

A

Within EEG data contained all the neural responses associated with specific sensory, cognitive and motor events which may be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists - so researchers developed a way of teasing out and isolating these responses

51
Q

How does the data received from an EEG have a generalised nature?

A

They are the data of many thousands of neurons

52
Q

True/False: EEG signal is useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity

A

False, it isn’t

53
Q

The fact that EEG signal isn’t useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity means it doesn’t allow researchers to…

A

distinguish between activities originating in different but adjacent locations

54
Q

True/False: EEG has been useful in studying the stages of sleep and in the diagnosis of conditions such as epilepsy

A

True

55
Q

Why has EEG been useful in the diagnosis of conditions such as epilepsy?

A

It’s a disorder characterised by random bursts of activity in the brain - this can easily be detected on screen

56
Q

Unlike fMRI, EEG technology has extremely high/low temporal resolution

A

high

57
Q

EEG technology can accurately detect brain activity as a resolution of a single…

A

millisecond, and even less in some cases

58
Q

What does the high temporal resolution of EEG technology show?

A

The real-world usefulness of the technique

59
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Event-related potentials

60
Q

What kind of technique do ERPs use?

A

A statistical averaging technique

61
Q

With ERPs, what activity is filtered out?

A

All extraneous brain activity from the original EEG recording

62
Q

After all extraneous brain activity from the original EEG recording is filtered out, what is left?

A

Only those responses that relate to, say, the presentation of a specific stimulus or performance of a specific task. These are event-related potentials

63
Q

Event-related potentials

A

Types of brainwave that are triggered by particular events

64
Q

True/False: Research has revealed many different forms of ERP

A

True

65
Q

Research has revealed how ERPs are linked to cognitive processes such as…

A

Any from attention, perception, etc.

66
Q

What do ERPs bring that EEGs don’t?

A

Much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes that could ever be achieved using raw EEG data

67
Q

Because ERPs are derived from EEG measurements they have excellent/awful ________ resolution

A

excellent temporal

68
Q

ERPs have excellent temporal resolution especially compared to neuroimaging techniques such as…

A

fMRI

69
Q

What are ERPs frequently used to measure?

A

Cognitive functions and deficits such as the allocation of attentional resources. Maintenance of working memory

70
Q

True/False: There is a lack of standardisation in the ERP methodology between different research studies

A

True

71
Q

The fact that there’s a lack of standardisation in the ERP methodology between different research studies makes it…

A

difficult to confirm findings

72
Q

What needs to be done in order to establish pure data in ERP studies?

A

Background ‘noise’ and extraneous material must be completely eliminated

73
Q

What’s the problem with the elimination of background ‘noise’ and extraneous material in ERP studies?

A

It may not always be easy to achieve

Psychology - IN FOCUS Biopsychology (7 decks)

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