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Psychology - IN FOCUS Biopsychology > Localisation of function > Flashcards

Localisation of function Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Broca and Wernicke discover about the brain?

A

Specific areas of the brain are associated with particular physical and psychological functions

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2
Q

Which theory of the brain did scientists generally support before Broca and Wernicke’s investigations?

A

The holistic theory

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3
Q

What did the holistic theory of the brain suggest?

A

That all parts of the brain were involved in the processing of thought and action

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4
Q

What did Broca and Wernicke argue for

A

Localisation of function/cortical specialisation

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5
Q

What is localisation of function/cortical specialisation?

A

The idea that different parts of the brain perform different tasks and are involved with different parts of the body

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6
Q

If localisation of function is true, what would happen if a certain area of the brain becomes damaged through illness or injury?

A

The functions associated with that area will also be affected

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7
Q

Language is restricted to which side of the brain in most people?

A

The left

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8
Q

Broca identified a small area where in the brain that was responsible for speech production?

A

In the left frontal lobe

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9
Q

Broca identified a small area in the left frontal lobe that was responsible for what?

A

Speech production

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10
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Broca’s aphasia

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11
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia characterised by?

A

Speech that is laborious, slow and lacking in fluency

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12
Q

Who was Broca’s most famous patient, and why was he called this?

A

Tan, because this was the only word he could say

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13
Q

Which types of words do people with Broca’s aphasia have difficulty with?

A

Prepositions and conjunctions

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14
Q

Wernicke was describing people who had no problem doing which thing, but severe difficulties with what?

A

No problem producing language but severe difficulties understanding it

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15
Q

Wernicke was describing people who had no problem producing language but severe difficulties understanding it. What did this mean about their speech?

A

It was fluent but meaningless

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16
Q

Wernicke identified Wernicke’s area as being responsible for what?

A

Language understanding

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17
Q

Wernicke identified Wernicke’s area in which region of the brain?

A

The left temporal lobe

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18
Q

What does damage to Wernicke’s area result in?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia - difficulty speaking in coherent sentences or understanding others’ speech

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19
Q

People who have Wernicke’s aphasia will often produce…

A

nonsense words as part of the content of their speech

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20
Q

People who have Wernicke’s aphasia will often produce nonsense words as part of the content of their speech. What are these known as?

A

Neologisms

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21
Q

True/False: The review by Dick and Tremblay (2016) supports the idea that language is localised just to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

False, their review found that only 2% of modern researchers think that language in the brain is completely controlled byt hese areas

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22
Q

Dick and Tremblay’s 2016 review found that what percentage of modern researchers think that language in the brain is completely controlled by Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

2

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23
Q

What do advances in brain imaging techniques such as fMRI mean about studying the brain?

A

Neural processes in the brain can be studied with more clarity than ever before

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24
Q

Advances in brain imaging techniques such as fMRI means that neural processes in the brain can be studied with more clarity than ever before. What has this meant about researchers’ thoughts of the location of the language function in the brain?

A

It seems that the language function is distributed far more holistically in the brain than was first thought

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25
Q

Since the identification of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, so-called language streams have been identified where in the brain?

A

Across the subcortical regions such as the thalamus

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26
Q

The fact that so-called language streams have been identified across the subcortical regions such as the thalamus suggests what about the location of language in the brain?

A

Rather than being confined to a couple of key areas, language may be organised more holistically in the brain

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27
Q

The fact that so-called language streams have been identified across the subcortical regions such as the thalamus in the brain supports/contradicts localisation theory

A

contradicts

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28
Q

True/False: Damage to areas of the brain has been linked to mental disorders

A

True

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29
Q

What does a cingulotomy involve?

A

Isolating a region called the cingulate gyrus which has been implicated in OCD

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30
Q

How many people did Dougherty et al. report with OCD who had undergone a cingulotomy?

A

44

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31
Q

What did Dougherty et al. (2002) find at their post-surgical follow-up after 32 weeks about people with OCD who had undergone a cingulotomy?

A

About 30% had met the criteria for successful response to the surgery, 14% had a partial response

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32
Q

After how many weeks did Dougherty et al. (2002) do their post-surgical follow-up?

A

32

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33
Q

At the post-surgical follow-up, what percentage of people who had OCD and had undergone a cingulotomy had met the successful criteria for successful response to the surgery?

A

30%

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34
Q

What does the success of cingulotomy procedures for OCD suggest about behaviours associated with serious mental disorders?

A

They may be localised

35
Q

At the post-surgical follow-up, what percentage of people who had OCD and had undergone a cingulotomy had met the criteria for partial response to the surgery?

A

14%

36
Q

Give an example of a unique case of neurological damage that supports localisation theory

A

Phineas Gage

37
Q

What’s the main criticism of the case of Phineas Gage in supporting localisation theory?

A

It’s difficult to make meaningful generalisations from findings of a single individual - conclusions drawn may depend on the subjective interpretation of the researcher

38
Q

Why is it difficult to make meaningful generalisations from findings of case studies?

A

It’s only a single individual and conclusions drawn may depend on the subjective interpretation of the researcher

39
Q

What is the main part of the brain called?

A

The cerebrum

40
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Two symmetrical halves - the left and right hemisphere

41
Q

What are the two symmetrical halves of the cerebrum called?

A

Left and right hemisphere

42
Q

Some of our physical and psychological functions are controlled or dominated by a particular hemisphere. What is this called?

A

Lateralisation

43
Q

Activity on the left-hand side of the body is controlled by which hemisphere?

A

Right

44
Q

Activity on the right-hand side of the body is controlled by which hemisphere?

A

Left

45
Q

Which hemisphere is language linked to?

A

The left hemisphere

46
Q

What is the outer layer of both hemispheres called?

A

Cerebral cortex

47
Q

The cortex of both hemispheres is subdivided into how many centres?

A

Four

48
Q

What are the four centres of the brain called?

A

‘Lobes’

49
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Motor functions

50
Q

Where is the motor area located?

A

At the back of the frontal lobe in both hemispheres

51
Q

What does the motor area of the brain control?

A

Voluntary movement in the opposite side of the body

52
Q

What could damage to the motor area of the brain result in?

A

Loss of control over the fine movements

53
Q

Which area can be found in the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory area

54
Q

Where is the somatosensory area located?

A

At the front of both parietal lobes

55
Q

How is the somatosensory area separated from the motor area?

A

By a ‘valley’ called the central sulcus

56
Q

Which area of the brain is where sensory information from the skin is represented?

A

The somatosensory area

57
Q

What happens in the somatosensory area of the brain?

A

Sensory information from the skin is represented

58
Q

Give an example of information from the skin that would be represented in the somatosensory area

A

Any from related to touch, heat, pressure, etc.

59
Q

What does the amount of somatosensory area devoted to a particular body part denote?

A

Its sensitivity

60
Q

How much of our somatosensory area do receptors for our face and hands occupy?

A

Over half

61
Q

Which area can be found in the occipital lobes?

A

The visual area/visual cortex

62
Q

Where is the visual area/visual cortex?

A

In the back of the brain within the occipital lobes

63
Q

Where does each eye send information from the right visual field?

A

The left visual cortex

64
Q

Where does each eye send information from the left visual field?

A

The right visual cortex

65
Q

What would damage to the left occipital lobe produce?

A

Blindness in part of the right visual field of both eyes

66
Q

Which area can be found in the temporal lobes?

A

The auditory area

67
Q

What does the auditory area analyse?

A

Speech-based information

68
Q

What may damage to a temporal lobe produce?

A

Partial hearing loss

69
Q

The more extensive the damage to your temporal lobe, the more…

A

extensive your hearing loss will be

70
Q

Damage to a specific area of the temporal lobe may affect the ability to comprehend language. Which area is this?

A

Wernicke’s area

71
Q

Damage to a specific area of which lobe may affect the ability to comprehend language (Wernicke’s area)?

A

Temporal

72
Q

A ‘lobe; is a part of an organ that is…

A

separate in some way from the rest

73
Q

True/False: Each lobe in the brain is associated with different functions

A

True

74
Q

True/False: Peterson et al.’s 1988 brain scans provide evidence to support the idea that many everyday functions are localised

A

True

75
Q

How did Petersen et al. (1988) provide evidence to support the idea that many everyday functions are localised?

A

Used brain scans to demonstrate how Wernicke’s area was active during a listening task and Broca’s area was active during a reading task

76
Q

What did a 1996 review of long-term memory studies by Buckner and Petersen reveal?

A

Semantic and episodic memories reside in different parts of the prefrontal cortex

77
Q

Evidence from studies such as Buckner and Petersen and Petersen et al. confirm what?

A

Localised area for everyday behaviours

78
Q

Evidence from Buckner, Petersen and Petersen et al. have provided sound scientific evidence that…

A

many brain functions are localised

79
Q

Lashley (1950) supports/challenges the localisation theory

A

challenges

80
Q

What did Lashley do in their study that challenged localisation theory?

A

Removed areas of the cortex in rats that were learning the route through a maze (between 10% and 50%)

81
Q

What did Lashley find in their 1950 study to challenge localisation theory?

A

No area was proven to be more important than any other area in terms of rats’ ability to learn the route

82
Q

Lashley found that the process of learning in rats seemed to require which parts of the cortex?

A

Every part rather than being confined to a particular area

83
Q

What do Lashley’s findings from their rat in a maze study suggest?

A

Higher cognitive processes, such as learning, are not localised and are distributed in a more holistic way in the brain

Psychology - IN FOCUS Biopsychology (7 decks)

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