ways of doing things

Question 1

Time, how long.
‘he was away for three years’

Answer 1

greek & latin - acc.

οὑτος τρια ἐτη ἀπην.
ille tres annum aberat.

Question 2

Time, within which.
‘the general will arrive within 4 days’

Answer 2

greek - gen
latin - abl

ὁ στρατηγος τεσσαρων ἡμερων ἀφιξεται.
imperator quattuor deibus adveniet.

Question 3

Time when
‘the girls returned the next day’

Answer 3

greek - dat
latin - abl

αἱ παιδες τῃ ὑστεραιᾳ ἐπανηλθον.
puellae decimo die regressi sunt.

Question 4

Indirect statements after verbs of saying, Greek

Answer 4

ὁτι or ὡς
(but not for φημι or verbs of thinking)

neg. is οὐ

keeps tense and mood of original speech.
- aorist is used for plup.

if in historic sequence, the optative can be used (less vivid) - optivus obliquus

Question 5

Indirect statements after verbs of thinking, Greek

Answer 5

infinitive construction
(also for φημι)

neg is οὐ

keeps og tense.
- thus in historic, present inf = imperfect
and aor inf = plup

the doctor thought that the boy was ill (present as it lasts a long time)
the man said he wanted to be a teacher (present as he wants for a long time)
the guard said his wife opened the gate (aorist as it happened once)

Question 6

Indirect statements after verbs of emotion, Greek

Answer 6

θαυμαζω, ἀγανακτεω (indignant) and ἀγαπαω (content)
use εἰ instead of ὁτι, with neg μη

ἐλπιζω, ὑπισχνεομαι (promise), ὀμνυμι (swear) and ἀπειλεω (threaten)
use future inf, with neg μη

πιστευω, μαρτυρομαι, διισχυριζομαι use inf with μη

Question 7

Indirect statements after verbs of knowing and perceiving, Greek

Answer 7

with a participle (rather than inf)

esp. with οἰδα, ἀγνοεω, γιγνωσκω, οραω, μανθανω, ἀκουω, ἀγγελλω, or if the verb of knowing/per is in participle form

neg is οὐ

Question 8

Indirect statements, Latin

Answer 8

infin. + acc construction

subject always expressed (acc)

forms of eum never refer back to the speaker, that is se.

tenses- past inf for anything that was past in og speech.
present for present
fut for fut

Question 9

direct question

Answer 9

greek- τίς τί (who what), πότε (when) πῶς (how) τί/δια τί (why)
+ indic.

latin- quis quid (who what) quando (when) quam +adj/adv quomodo [in what way] (how) cur quare quid (why)
+ indic.

Question 10

direct qu. expecting yes
‘doesn’t the girl love her dog?’
‘surely she loves her dog?’

Answer 10

greek - οὐκουν, ἀρ᾽ οὐ

latin - nonne

Question 11

direct qu. expecting no
‘the girl doesn’t love her dog, right?’
‘surely she doesn’t love her dog?’

Answer 11

greek - μη, ἀρα μη, μων

latin - num

Question 12

double ques.

Answer 12

greek - ποτερον … ἤ / ἤ οὐ

latin - utrum … an, -ne … an / utrum … annon / necne

Question 13

indirect ques

Answer 13

greek - opens with interrogative (which can change, τίς = ὁστις, πότε = ὁποτε)
uses og tense.
εἰ can mean if, whether.
and εἰτε … εἰτε can be used for double.

neg. οὐ but μη after εἰ

latin - verbs of voice, eyes, ears or mind are followed by interrog. and subjunctive (tense by sense)

num for if, whether

Question 14

commands

Answer 14

greek - imperatives, present for general (always obey, let the people sing) and aorist for specific (come here, let him go)
neg. μη

double - if both neg. μη … μηδε
if first if pos. και μη

first person commands - use present or aorist subj.
neg. μη

latin - imperative.
double - et if pos.
nec neque if neg.

neg. commands - noli nolite + present infin.
or ne + subj

double - neg. neu neue
pos. neque

first and third person - pres. subj (neg ne)

Question 15

wishes

Answer 15

greek - for fut. εἰθε εἰ γαρ + opt. (pres or aor) neg. μη
for pres. use imperf.

latin - utinam (ne)
The pres. subj. for the future, the imperfect one for the present, and the pluperfect a wish that something had been the case in the past.

Question 16

indirect commands

Answer 16

greek - infin (neg. μη)

latin - ut/ne + subj.

ex. iubeo and veto, they use inf + acc.

remember a command is just someone trying to persuade someone else to do or not to do something, e.g. ‘persuade’, ‘advise’, ‘beg’, ‘encourage’, ‘warn’, ‘ask’.

Question 17

purpose clause
in order to, to, so as to, etc.

Answer 17

greek -
ἱνα, ὁπως, ὡς + subj for primary, + opt. for historic (can also use subj for vividness)
neg = μη

ὡς + future partc.

relative pronoun with fut indic can also express purpose

latin -
ut / ne + subj

nb.
if clause contains comp. adj, quo is used instead of ut.

nb.
ne quis / quid ‘so that … nobody’
ne usquam / quando ‘so that … never’

Question 18

result clause
‘she was so great that everyone loved her’
‘I’m not so dumb as to think that’

Answer 18

greek - for natural/likely consequence, ὡστε, sometimes ὡς, + inf. (neg. μη)
for emphasised, ὡστε if followed by indic (neg. οὐ)

latin - ut / ut non + subj (tense by sense)

Question 19

open conditionals (for actual facts)

Answer 19

greek - εἰ or εἀν
neg in if clause, μη
neg in main clause, οὐ

present and past- εἰ + indic., tense by sense.
future- ἐαν + subj in protasis, future indic in apodosis

nb. the hidden future ‘if they do this, they will be wrong’, both verbs in fut.

latin - si or nisi
+ indic, tense by sense.

Question 20

unreal conditions

Answer 20

greek -
present- εἰ + impf. indic. in protasis. imp indic with ἀν in apodosis.

past- εἰ + aor indic, aor indic with ἀν

future- εἰ + opt, opt + ἀν

latin -
present- impf. subj

past- plup. subj

future- present subj.

Question 21

verbs of fearing

Answer 21

greek -
future- μη + subj. in primary, and opt. in historic. (if neg, μη οὐ)

present and past- μη, μη οὐ + indic.

where english uses an inf., greek does too.

latin - ne + subj. (if neg. ne … non, or ut)