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Environmental Health > Water Supply > Flashcards

Water Supply Flashcards

0
Q

Adequacy

A

Satisfactory volume of water

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1
Q

Satisfactory quality of water

A

Potability

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2
Q

Reliability

A

Satisfactory availability of water

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3
Q

Sources of water

A

Surface water
Meteoric water
Ground water

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4
Q

Surface water

A

Mixture of surface run-off and groundwater

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5
Q

Sources of surface water

A

Rivers
Lakes
Ponds
Impounding reservoirs

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6
Q

Pros and Cons of Surface water

A

Greater volume

Open to contamination

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7
Q

Source of meteoric water

A

Rain

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8
Q

Evaporated water that has precipitated in the form of rain

A

Meteoric water

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9
Q

Rain and air pollutants

A

Acid rain

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10
Q

Cons of meteoric water

A

Lower volume

Corrosive

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11
Q

Ground water

A

Portion of water which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits in aquifers

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12
Q

Sources of ground water

A

Wells

Streams

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13
Q

Pros and Cons of Ground water

A

Contains more minerals
Lesser volume
Quality is dependent on the soil
Deeper

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14
Q

Public water supply class I

A

Class AA

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15
Q

Public water supply class II

A

Class A

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16
Q

Recreational water class I

A

Class B

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17
Q

Class C

A 
Recreational water class II
Industrial water supply class I
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18
Q

Class D

A

Industrial water supply class II

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19
Q

Class for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected from contamination

A

Class AA

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20
Q

Class that requires only approved disinfection to meet PNSDW

A

Class AA

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21
Q

Class for sources of water supply that require complete treatment to meet PNSDW

A

Class A

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22
Q

Complete treatment

A

Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection

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23
Q

Class for primary contact recreation

A

Class B

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24
Q

Class for tourism purposes

A

Class B

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25
Q

Beneficial uses of Class C

A

Fishery water (for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources)
Without water contact
Manufacturing processes after treatment

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26
Q

Beneficial uses of Class D

A 
Agriculture
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Navigation
Cooling
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27
Q

Point source

A

Level I

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28
Q

For rural areas where houses are thinly scattered

A

Level I

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29
Q

Level I definition

A

Protected well/developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system

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30
Q

Distance requirement of Level I

A

Not more than 250 meters from the farthest user

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31
Q

Number of houses served by Level I

A

15-25

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32
Q

Discharge of Level I

A

40-150 L/minute

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33
Q

Level II

A

Communal faucet system

Standposts

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34
Q

Level II definition

A

Source, reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets

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35
Q

For rural and urban areas where houses are clustered densely

A

Level II

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36
Q

Distance requirement of Level II

A

Not more than 25 meters away from the farthest house

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37
Q

Number of households served by Level II

A

100 households with one faucet per 4-6 households)

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38
Q

Discharge of Level II

A

40-60 L/capita/day

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39
Q

Level III

A

Waterworks System

Individual House Connections

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40
Q

Level III definition

A

System with a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and household taps

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41
Q

Other term for household taps

A

In-house connections

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42
Q

For densely populated urban areas

A

Level III

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43
Q

Level of source that requires a minimum treatment of disinfection

A

Level III

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44
Q

DENR

A

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

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45
Q

EMB

A

Environmental Management Bureau

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46
Q

LWUA

A

Local Water Utilities Administration

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47
Q

NWRB

A

National Water Resource Board

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48
Q

MWSS

A

Manila Water Sewerage System

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49
Q

MWCI

A

Maynilad Water Services, Inc.

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50
Q

LLDA

A

Laguna Lake Development Authority

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51
Q

Primary agency on environment and water shed protection

A

DENR

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52
Q

Enforces water quality and effluent standards

A

EMB

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53
Q

Monitors surface water quality according to class

A

EMB

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54
Q

Regulates industry water

A

EMB

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55
Q

Monitors drinking water

A

DOH

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56
Q

Implements sanitation programs

A

DOH

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57
Q

Mandate of DOH

A

To protect human health

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58
Q

Lending institution to improve local district’s water supply project

A

LWUA

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59
Q

Promotes and oversees the development of provincial waterworks and sewag

A

LWUA

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60
Q

Regulates use of water sources

A

NWRB

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61
Q

Overall coordination of water resource management and development

A

NWRB

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62
Q

Agency which gives permit for commercial deep wells

A

NWRB

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63
Q

Regulates price of water

A

MWSS

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64
Q

Eastern Metro Manila

A

MWCI

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65
Q

Western Metro Manila

A

MWSI

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66
Q

Enforce sanitation laws

A

LGUs

67
Q

Problems with turbidity

A

Aesthetics
Filterability
Disinfection

68
Q

Source of turbidity

A

Suspended particles

69
Q

Turbidity is commonly seen in

A

Surface waters
Street washings
Industrial wastes

70
Q

Problems with color

A

Aesthetics

Disinfection process interference (chlorination: reacts with chlorine to form chloroform and other trihalomethanes)

71
Q

Sources of color

A

Substances in solution

72
Q

Sources of odor

A

Dissolved salts and gases

73
Q

Problem with odor

A

Disagreeable odor

74
Q

Sources of taste

A

Dissolved substances

75
Q

Problem with taste

A

Unpleasant taste

76
Q

Problems of water quality with certain physical characteristics

A

Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste

77
Q

Water quality problems with chemical characteristics

A 
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Iron and Manganese
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Phosphates
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cyanide 
Lead
Mercury
78
Q

Relationship between hardness of drinking water and cardiovascular diseases

A

Inverse

79
Q

Sources of acidity

A

Carbon dioxide

80
Q

Sources of mineral acidity

A

Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid

81
Q

Problems with acidity

A

Unpalatable
Increased corrosiveness of water
Increased potential for leaching heavy metals

82
Q

Sources of alkalinity

A 
Bicarbonates
Carbonates
Hydroxides
Borates
Silicates
Phosphates
83
Q

Problem with alkalinity

A

Acrid taste

84
Q

Sources of hardness

A

Multivalent metallic ions (calcium, magnesium, strontium, iron, manganese)

85
Q

Problems with hardness

A

Increased soap consumption

Production of scales in hot water pipes, boilers, and heaters

86
Q

Sources of iron and manganese

A

Present in soil in insoluble form

87
Q

Problems with iron and manganese

A

Metallic taste

Yellow/black stain

88
Q

Sources of chloride

A 
Naturally occurring
Droplets from ocean
Seawater intrusion
Irrigation water
Human excreta
Industrial wastes
89
Q

Problems with chloride

A

Salty beyond 250 mg/L

90
Q

T or F. There are no known adverse health effects in people who consume more than 3000 mg/L.

A

F. (2000 mg/L)

91
Q

Problems with fluoride

A

Disfigurement of teeth
Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis
Dental caries

92
Q

Problems with sulfate

A

Cathartic effect at concentrations > 250 mg/L

Promotes formation of scales

93
Q

Sources of nitrogen

A

Naturally occurring

Organic wastes

94
Q

Problems with nitrogen

A

Interferes with water disinfection process

Algal bloom

95
Q

Infantile hemoglobinemia

A

Blue babies

96
Q

Problems with phosphorus and phosphates

A

Nutrients for plankton causing algal bloom

97
Q

Used in public water supplies for controlling corrosion

A

Polyphosphates

98
Q

Sources of arsenic

A

Minerals and ores
Geothermal springs
Industrial effluents (power generated from coal-fired furnaces, metal smelters)
Atmospheric deposition

99
Q

Problems with arsenic

A 
Hyperkeratosis
Black foot disease
Myocardial schemia
Liver dysfunction
Carcinogenic
100
Q

Sources of cadmium

A

Wastewater pollution
Air pollution deposition
Impurities in galvanized pipes, solders, and metal fittings

101
Q

Main routes of cadmium exposure

A

Inhalation

Ingestion

102
Q

Main target organ of cadmium

A

Kidney

103
Q

Problems with cadmium

A

Itai-itai disease

Cardiovascular diseases accompanied by hypertension

104
Q

Sources of cyanide

A

Industrial contamination of drinking water sources

105
Q

Problems with cyanide

A

Thyroid dysfunction

Nervous system dysfunction

106
Q

Sources of lead

A

Minerals and soil

Household plumbing fixtures, fittings, solder, and pipes

107
Q

Problems with lead

A

At high concentrations:
Hematological, renal, and neurological impairments
Reproductive effects

At low concentrations:
Impaired growth of children
Increased blood pressure

108
Q

Sources of mercury

A

Naturally occurring
Mining wastes
Industrial processing wastes

109
Q

Problems with mercury

A 
Teratogenic effects
Minamata disease
Cerebral palsy
Impaired learning
Behavioral disability
110
Q

Problems of water quality with biological characteristics

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Microscopic plants

111
Q

Sources of bacteria, viruses, and parasites

A

Water contaminated with sewage

112
Q

Problems with bacteria, viruses, and parasites

A

Water-related diseases

113
Q

Sources of microscopic plants

A

N, P, K

114
Q

Problems with microscopic plants

A

Color
Odor
Taste

115
Q

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

A

DOH AO 2007-0012

116
Q

Why do we need to update information about water quality every five years?

A

New information on many chemicals
Proliferation of water-refilling stations
Detection of naturally occurring hazardous substances in water sources
Inadequate monitoring capability
Need for new approaches in safe management of water supply

117
Q

Determines possible effects of drinking contaminated water after 70 years

A

Hazard Index

118
Q

T or F. Drinking water with less than 0.005 mg/L of antimony everyday for 70 years will not cause any health problems.

A

T

119
Q

Variables used to compute the hazard index

A

Dose response of individuals
Maximum amount of water ingested daily
Average life span of Filipinos
Amount of water needed daily

120
Q

Standard value for E. coli

A

0/100 mL

121
Q

Total count/mL: Permissible limit for biological microorganisms

A

10

122
Q

Why is the maximum amount of nitrate (50) larger than nitrite(3)?

A

Because nitrite is unstable.

123
Q

Other term for organic constituents

A

The deadly dozen

124
Q

What is apparent color?

A

It is the color of the whole water sample.

125
Q

What is true color?

A

It is the color measured after filtering the water sample to remove larger suspended materials.

126
Q

Sources of apparent color

A

Inorganic components (iron, copper, manganese)

127
Q

Sources of true color

A

Vegetable or organic extracts

128
Q

Indicator of water treatment efficiency

A

Residual chlorine

129
Q

Chemicals that are not hazardous to human health at concentrations found in drinking water

A

Asbestos
Silver
Tin

130
Q

Standard value for gross alpha activity

A

0.1 (Bq/L)

131
Q

Standard value for gross beta activity

A

1 (Bq/L)

132
Q 
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level I (90-150 pop)
A

Once every 3 months

133
Q 
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level II (600 pop)
A

Once every 2 months

134
Q 
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (<5000 pop)
A

1 sample monthly

135
Q 
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (5000-100000)
A

1 sample per 5000 population monthly

136
Q 
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (> 100000)
A

20 samples plus 1 sample pee 100000 population monthly

137
Q

Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms

Bottled water

A

Once every 2 months

138
Q

Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms

Water refilling stations

A

Once a month

139
Q

Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms

Emergency supplies of drinking water

A

Before delivery to users

140
Q

Sources and modes of supply that require a minimum frequency of sampling once a year for physical and chemical analysis

A

Level I
Level II
Level III
Emergency supplies of drinking water

141
Q

Sources and modes of supply that require a minimum frequency sampling of twice a year for physical and chemical analysis

A

Water vending machines

Refilling stations

142
Q

Health effects of disinfection by-products

A

Carcinogenic effects
Effects on reproduction and development
Toxic effects on liver and kidney

143
Q

Dissolved impurities

A 
Dissolved inorganic matter
Minerals
Fertilizer run-off
Industrial discharges
Salinity
Natural impurities
Domestic waste
Residues of pesticides
144
Q

Removes carbon dioxide and may raise oxygen to super saturation in daytime

A

Algal growth

145
Q

Suspended impurities

A

Colloids
Suspended organic
Suspended inorganic
Living matter

146
Q

Process of solid-liquid separation using gravity settling to remove suspended solids

A

Sedimentation

147
Q

Sludge

A

Floc which collects at the bottom of the basin

148
Q

Type 1 Sedimentation

A

Settling out of discrete non-flocculent particles in dilute suspension

149
Q

Type 2 Sedimentation

A

Settling out of flocculent particles in dilute suspension

150
Q

Removes dirt and other particles suspended in water

A

Coagulation/Flocculation

151
Q

Process of adding alum and other chemicals which are capable of attracting charged ions to form flocs

A

Coagulation/Flocculation

152
Q

Uses of filtration

A

Removal of suspended particulate material or impurities from water
Enhances effectiveness of disinfection

153
Q

Materials used in making filters

A

Sand and gravel

Crushed anthracite

154
Q

Filters according to type of medium

A

Granular-bed filter

Pre-coat filter

155
Q

Filters according to pace of process

A

Rapid sand filter (48 hours)

Slow sand filter (30 days)

156
Q

Filters according to mode of filtering particulates

A

Depth of filtration

Cake filtration

157
Q

Deactivation or killing of pathogenic organisms

A

Disinfection

158
Q

Residual effect of disinfectants

A

Remaining active in the water even after the disinfection process

159
Q

Why should residual concentrations be maintained?

A

To guard against possible contamination from biological sources in the water distribution system

160
Q

Process by which gas and water are brought into intimate contact with each other

A

Aeration

161
Q

Membrane Filtration Processes

A

Reverse osmosis
Electrodialysis
Ultrafiltration

162
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

Pressure-driven process that retains all ions and passes water

163
Q

Transfer ions through membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution as a result of the passage of direct current

A

Electrodialysis

164
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Pressure-driven process for fractionating and concentrating solutions containing colloids and high-molecular weight materials

165
Q

Factors affecting capita consumption

A 
Climate
Class of consumer
Quality of water
Industries and commerce
Pressure on distribution system
Metering of system
Sewage facility
Number of inhabitants
Size of community
Cost

Environmental Health (2 decks)

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