Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards by Eden Mcglothlin

what fat soluble vitamin requirement is conditional

Vit D (sunlight exposure)

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What are the water soluble vitamins

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C

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what is the only water soluble vitamin stored in appreciable quantities in body tissues

B12

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what must happen with all other water soluble vitamins

must be supplies in diet on day to day basis

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how is water soluble vit requirement met in ruminants

microbial synthesis in rumen and lower GI tracts

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where does microbial synthesis occur in herbivores (horse and rabbit)

colon or cecum

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what is the structure of B complex vit

organic and unrelated

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what animals do need dietary water soluble vit

non ruminants (pigs, poultry) and humans

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what do B complex vit have role in

cell metabolism

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do nutritionist have to worry about provided water soluble vit for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores

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what do B complex vit serve as

Coenzymes/ Cofactors

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what is the requirement of B complex vit

minute amounts

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what happens if B complex vit are unavailable to tissues in sufficient amounts

produce profound dysfunction in metabolism

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is toxicity likely in B complex vit

very unlikely

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what are plant sources of B1

outer layers of seeds/germs, growing roots leaves and shoots, fermented products

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why is toxicity of B complex unlikley

readily excreted by kidney

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what is chemical name of B1

Thiamin

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What happens can happen in B1 deficiencies

loss of appetite, bradycardia/myocardial damage, enlarges adrenal glands

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what are the different forms of B1

thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin triphosphate

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what are animal sources of B1

egg yolk, liver, kidney, pork

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what biochemical reactions is B1 involved in

carbohydrate/AA catabolism and activation of chloride ion channel in membrane of nerves

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what happens in B1 deficiency when there is loss of appetite

muscular weakness/NS dysfunction

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what happens in B1 deficiency when there is bradycardia/myocardial damage

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Heart failure (HF)

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what happens in B1 deficiency when there is enlarged adrenal glands

hypothermia since adrenal glands aid in thermoregulation

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What is a human disease caused by a deficiency in B1 called in humans

Beriberi

what causes beriberi in humans

diets high in white rice, alcoholism, poor absorption (rare)

clinical signs of wet beriberi

increased heart rate, shortness of breath, swelling of legs

clinical signs of dry beriberi

numbness in hands and feet, confusion

what is B1 deficiency marked by in poultry

decrease in appetite

what are the initial stages of B1 deficiency in poultry

lethargy and head tremors

when do neuro signs develop in B1 deficiency in poultry

3 weeks after initial stages

what are examples of neuro signs in B1 deficiency in poultry

sitting on flexed legs (star gazing position), retraction of head b/c paralysis of anterior neck muscles, lost ability to stand/sit upright

when is B1 deficiency in poultry most common

when poorly processed fish meals are used (thiaminase enzymes)

what is important about thiaminases heat sensitivity

cooking foods with them destroys anti-thiamin activity

what are the thiaminase enzymes in fish and sea foods and what makes them important

split thiamin molecule rendering it biologically ineffective

what is important about B1 in ruminants

microbial synthesis is usually sufficient

when are ruminants predisposed to bacterial thiaminases

lactic acidosis and polioencephalomalacia

what are clinical signs of bacterial thiaminases in ruminants

circling and head pressing

what does bacterial thiaminases result from

feeding rapidly fermentable foods

what predisposes horses to dietary thiaminases

Bracken fern (plant that renders thiamin inactive)

what is the chemical name of B2

Riboflavin

what are the best biological sources of B2

yeast, liver, milk, green leafy crops

what are the poor biological sources of B2

cereal grains

what is the important function of B2

important constituents of flavoproteins and their cofactors (Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FMN))

what is B2 involved in

transport of H in carbs and amino acid metabolism

what are the only naturally occurring substances with riboflavin activity

FMN and FAD

what indicates B2 deficiency

reduced growth in young and increased corneal opacity (cataracts)

What is B3 synthesized from

Tryptophan

what is B2 important in sows

important for normal estrus cycle

what indicates B2 deficiency in chicks

curled toe paralysis

what is the chemical name of B3

Niacin (nicotinamide/nicotinic acid)

what are sources of B3

liver, yeast, peanuts, sunflower meal

what contains B3 in bound/unavailable form

cereal grains

what contains tryptophan

milk and eggs

what is critical function of B3 role in coenzyme

what is critical function of B3 role in coenzyme Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

what can indicate deficiency B3

reduced growth/appetite

what happens in pigs with B3 deficiency

diarrhea, vomiting, dermatitis

what kind of diet makes B3 deficiency common in pigs and poultry

high maize diets

what happens in poultry with B3 deficiency

bone and feather abnormalities and inflammation of mouth/esophagus

chemical name of B5

pantothenic acid

what is high in B5

egg yolk, liver, nuts, peas, molasses, cereal grains, potatoes

source of B5

"pantothen"-from everywhere

what is B5 required for

synthesizing coenzyme-A (CoA)

What is CoA used for?

FA oxidation, steroid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis

is deficiency common or rare in B5

rare

what are signs of B5 deficiency in pigs

skin scaliness, "goose-stepping" gait

what is the chemical name of B6

pyridoxine bases

what is B6

group of chemically similar compounds that can be interconverted in biological systems

what are functions of B6

co-enzymes in numerous reactions (lipid, glucose, amino acid metabolism), gene expression, hemoglobin synthesis

what are sources of B6

plants & animals

deficiencies of B6 are----

rare

signs of B6 deficiency

dermatitis, conjunctivitis, neuro signs (somnolence and incoordination)

what is somnolence

drowsiness/strong desire to sleep

chemical name of B7

biotin

source of B7 in foods

barley, wheat, corn, oilseed, soy

what is important about B7 in barley and wheat

indigestible/bound=low amounts available (chickens and pigs)

what is important about avadin (found in egg whites) concerning B7

binds with biotin making it unavailable

what is important about B7 in corn, oilseed, soy

more available (chickens and pigs)

what can induce B7 deficiencies

feeding raw egg whites

what is important metabolism/function of B7

carbohydrate and FA synthesis and needed for gluconeogenesis**

what indicates B7 deficiencies in poultry

slowed growth, leg bone abnormalities, cracked feet, poor feathering

what indicates B7 deficiencies in swine

foot lesions, alopecia, dry scaly skin

chemical name of B9

folate

what are sources of B9

leafy green veggies, liver, grains

what happens as a result of B9 deficiencies

megaloblastic anemia and **neural tube defects in utero

chemical name of B12

cyanocobalamin

Sources of B12

synthesized by microorganisms and liver

function of B12

coenzyme needed for metabolism in all cells

synthesized by microorganisms and liver

must bind to intrinsic factor (glycoprotein secreted by gastric epithelium)

what happens in deficiency of B12

anemia and less effects in adults

what happens in deficiency of B12 in poultry

poor feathers, decreased viability of eggs, fatty liver

why dont monogastric animals have B12 deficiences

intestinal organisms synthesize B12

what happens in deficiency of B12 in swine

ataxia/incoordination hind limbs, dermatitis, normocytic anemia, enlarged liver and thyroid

what is important in regards to ruminants with B12

rumen microbes synthesize when sufficient dietary cobalamin

sources of vit C

green leafy veg and citrus fruits

what is chemical name of vit C

L-ascorbic acid

what animals can synthesize vit C

livestock

what is vit C involved in

oxidation/reduction reactions, collagen metabolism, iron storage, antioxidant in conjunction with Vit E

what is Vit C essential in

humans, guinea pigs, certain fishes, indian fruit bat, red-vented bulbul bird

what is deficiency in vit C called

scurvy

what happens in scurvy

emaciation, diarrhea, edma, defects in bone and teeth (failure in collagen formation), decreased immunity

when are livestock needs for vit C greater and how can it be met

when stressed and supplementation