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Nutrition > Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what fat soluble vitamin requirement is conditional

A

Vit D (sunlight exposure)

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2
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C

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3
Q

what is the only water soluble vitamin stored in appreciable quantities in body tissues

A

B12

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4
Q

what must happen with all other water soluble vitamins

A

must be supplies in diet on day to day basis

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5
Q

how is water soluble vit requirement met in ruminants

A

microbial synthesis in rumen and lower GI tracts

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6
Q

where does microbial synthesis occur in herbivores (horse and rabbit)

A

colon or cecum

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7
Q

what is the structure of B complex vit

A

organic and unrelated

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7
Q

what animals do need dietary water soluble vit

A

non ruminants (pigs, poultry) and humans

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8
Q

what do B complex vit have role in

A

cell metabolism

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8
Q

do nutritionist have to worry about provided water soluble vit for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores

A

no

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9
Q

what do B complex vit serve as

A

Coenzymes/ Cofactors

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9
Q

what is the requirement of B complex vit

A

minute amounts

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10
Q

what happens if B complex vit are unavailable to tissues in sufficient amounts

A

produce profound dysfunction in metabolism

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11
Q

is toxicity likely in B complex vit

A

very unlikely

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11
Q

what are plant sources of B1

A

outer layers of seeds/germs, growing roots leaves and shoots, fermented products

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12
Q

why is toxicity of B complex unlikley

A

readily excreted by kidney

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13
Q

what is chemical name of B1

A

Thiamin

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14
Q

What happens can happen in B1 deficiencies

A

loss of appetite, bradycardia/myocardial damage, enlarges adrenal glands

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15
Q

what are the different forms of B1

A

thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin triphosphate

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15
Q

what are animal sources of B1

A

egg yolk, liver, kidney, pork

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16
Q

what biochemical reactions is B1 involved in

A

carbohydrate/AA catabolism and activation of chloride ion channel in membrane of nerves

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17
Q

what happens in B1 deficiency when there is loss of appetite

A

muscular weakness/NS dysfunction

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18
Q

what happens in B1 deficiency when there is bradycardia/myocardial damage

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and Heart failure (HF)

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19
Q

what happens in B1 deficiency when there is enlarged adrenal glands

A

hypothermia since adrenal glands aid in thermoregulation

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20
Q

What is a human disease caused by a deficiency in B1 called in humans

A

Beriberi

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21
Q

what causes beriberi in humans

A

diets high in white rice, alcoholism, poor absorption (rare)

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22
Q

clinical signs of wet beriberi

A

increased heart rate, shortness of breath, swelling of legs

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23
Q

clinical signs of dry beriberi

A

numbness in hands and feet, confusion

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24
Q

what is B1 deficiency marked by in poultry

A

decrease in appetite

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25
Q

what are the initial stages of B1 deficiency in poultry

A

lethargy and head tremors

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26
Q

when do neuro signs develop in B1 deficiency in poultry

A

3 weeks after initial stages

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27
Q

what are examples of neuro signs in B1 deficiency in poultry

A

sitting on flexed legs (star gazing position), retraction of head b/c paralysis of anterior neck muscles, lost ability to stand/sit upright

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28
Q

when is B1 deficiency in poultry most common

A

when poorly processed fish meals are used (thiaminase enzymes)

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29
Q

what is important about thiaminases heat sensitivity

A

cooking foods with them destroys anti-thiamin activity

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29
Q

what are the thiaminase enzymes in fish and sea foods and what makes them important

A

split thiamin molecule rendering it biologically ineffective

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30
Q

what is important about B1 in ruminants

A

microbial synthesis is usually sufficient

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31
Q

when are ruminants predisposed to bacterial thiaminases

A

lactic acidosis and polioencephalomalacia

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32
Q

what are clinical signs of bacterial thiaminases in ruminants

A

circling and head pressing

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33
Q

what does bacterial thiaminases result from

A

feeding rapidly fermentable foods

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33
Q

what predisposes horses to dietary thiaminases

A

Bracken fern (plant that renders thiamin inactive)

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34
Q

what is the chemical name of B2

A

Riboflavin

35
Q

what are the best biological sources of B2

A

yeast, liver, milk, green leafy crops

36
Q

what are the poor biological sources of B2

A

cereal grains

37
Q

what is the important function of B2

A

important constituents of flavoproteins and their cofactors (Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FMN))

38
Q

what is B2 involved in

A

transport of H in carbs and amino acid metabolism

38
Q

what are the only naturally occurring substances with riboflavin activity

A

FMN and FAD

39
Q

what indicates B2 deficiency

A

reduced growth in young and increased corneal opacity (cataracts)

40
Q

What is B3 synthesized from

A

Tryptophan

41
Q

what is B2 important in sows

A

important for normal estrus cycle

42
Q

what indicates B2 deficiency in chicks

A

curled toe paralysis

43
Q

what is the chemical name of B3

A

Niacin (nicotinamide/nicotinic acid)

44
Q

what are sources of B3

A

liver, yeast, peanuts, sunflower meal

45
Q

what contains B3 in bound/unavailable form

A

cereal grains

46
Q

what contains tryptophan

A

milk and eggs

47
Q

what is critical function of B3
role in coenzyme

A

what is critical function of B3
role in coenzyme Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

48
Q

what can indicate deficiency B3

A

reduced growth/appetite

48
Q

what happens in pigs with B3 deficiency

A

diarrhea, vomiting, dermatitis

49
Q

what kind of diet makes B3 deficiency common in pigs and poultry

A

high maize diets

50
Q

what happens in poultry with B3 deficiency

A

bone and feather abnormalities and inflammation of mouth/esophagus

51
Q

chemical name of B5

A

pantothenic acid

52
Q

what is high in B5

A

egg yolk, liver, nuts, peas, molasses, cereal grains, potatoes

52
Q

source of B5

A

“pantothen”-from everywhere

53
Q

what is B5 required for

A

synthesizing coenzyme-A (CoA)

54
Q

What is CoA used for?

A

FA oxidation, steroid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis

55
Q

is deficiency common or rare in B5

A

rare

56
Q

what are signs of B5 deficiency in pigs

A

skin scaliness, “goose-stepping” gait

57
Q

what is the chemical name of B6

A

pyridoxine bases

58
Q

what is B6

A

group of chemically similar compounds that can be interconverted in biological systems

59
Q

what are functions of B6

A

co-enzymes in numerous reactions (lipid, glucose, amino acid metabolism), gene expression, hemoglobin synthesis

60
Q

what are sources of B6

A

plants & animals

61
Q

deficiencies of B6 are—-

A

rare

62
Q

signs of B6 deficiency

A

dermatitis, conjunctivitis, neuro signs (somnolence and incoordination)

63
Q

what is somnolence

A

drowsiness/strong desire to sleep

64
Q

chemical name of B7

A

biotin

65
Q

source of B7 in foods

A

barley, wheat, corn, oilseed, soy

66
Q

what is important about B7 in barley and wheat

A

indigestible/bound=low amounts available (chickens and pigs)

66
Q

what is important about avadin (found in egg whites) concerning B7

A

binds with biotin making it unavailable

67
Q

what is important about B7 in corn, oilseed, soy

A

more available (chickens and pigs)

68
Q

what can induce B7 deficiencies

A

feeding raw egg whites

68
Q

what is important metabolism/function of B7

A

carbohydrate and FA synthesis and needed for gluconeogenesis**

68
Q

what indicates B7 deficiencies in poultry

A

slowed growth, leg bone abnormalities, cracked feet, poor feathering

68
Q

what indicates B7 deficiencies in swine

A

foot lesions, alopecia, dry scaly skin

69
Q

chemical name of B9

A

folate

69
Q

what are sources of B9

A

leafy green veggies, liver, grains

70
Q

what happens as a result of B9 deficiencies

A

megaloblastic anemia and **neural tube defects in utero

71
Q

chemical name of B12

A

cyanocobalamin

72
Q

Sources of B12

A

synthesized by microorganisms and liver

73
Q

function of B12

A

coenzyme needed for metabolism in all cells

74
Q

synthesized by microorganisms and liver

A

must bind to intrinsic factor (glycoprotein secreted by gastric epithelium)

75
Q

what happens in deficiency of B12

A

anemia and less effects in adults

76
Q

what happens in deficiency of B12 in poultry

A

poor feathers, decreased viability of eggs, fatty liver

77
Q

why dont monogastric animals have B12 deficiences

A

intestinal organisms synthesize B12

77
Q

what happens in deficiency of B12 in swine

A

ataxia/incoordination hind limbs, dermatitis, normocytic anemia, enlarged liver and thyroid

78
Q

what is important in regards to ruminants with B12

A

rumen microbes synthesize when sufficient dietary cobalamin

78
Q

sources of vit C

A

green leafy veg and citrus fruits

79
Q

what is chemical name of vit C

A

L-ascorbic acid

80
Q

what animals can synthesize vit C

A

livestock

80
Q

what is vit C involved in

A

oxidation/reduction reactions, collagen metabolism, iron storage, antioxidant in conjunction with Vit E

80
Q

what is Vit C essential in

A

humans, guinea pigs, certain fishes, indian fruit bat, red-vented bulbul bird

81
Q

what is deficiency in vit C called

A

scurvy

82
Q

what happens in scurvy

A

emaciation, diarrhea, edma, defects in bone and teeth (failure in collagen formation), decreased immunity

83
Q

when are livestock needs for vit C greater and how can it be met

A

when stressed and supplementation

Nutrition (3 decks)

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