Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
what amount vitamins is required
A
minute quantities
2
Q
what happens in omission of single vitamin
A
specific deficiency and symptoms
3
Q
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, K
4
Q
what are the water soluble vitamins
A
B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C
5
Q
chemical name of vitamin A
A
Retinol
6
Q
what is vitamin A required in and in what forms
A
the diet, as the vitamin or its precursor carotene
7
Q
sources of vitamin A
A
liver of cod/halibut, egg yolk, milk fat
8
Q
what is a provitamin
A
a substance that is converted into a vitamin within an organism
9
Q
what are the provitamins of vitamin A called
A
carotenoids
10
Q
what are examples of carotenoids
A
carotenes and xanthophylls
11
Q
what does ultraviolet light exposure do to vitamin A precursors
A
destroys double bonds and biological activity
12
Q
what easily oxidizes vitamin A
A
heat, light, moisture, heavy metals, air, light
13
Q
what % of vitamin A is converted in liver
A
90%
13
Q
where is vitamin A converted
A
intestinal mucosa (mixed micelles) but mostly in liver
14
Q
what does vitamin A content in liver directly relate to
A
ingestion of the vitamin in the diet
15
Q
what is retinal
A
vitamin A occurring as an alcohol
16
Q
what is beta-carotene composed of
A
2 joined vitamin A molecules
17
Q
what is retinoic acid
A
free form of vitamin A
18
Q
what is vitamin A palmitate
A
retinoic acid esterfies with a fatty acid
19
Q
what is most stable vitamin A form
A
retinoic acid (palmitate)
19
Q
what two things is vitamin A metabolized for
A
the eye and general systems
20
Q
why is vitamin A important for the eye
A
needed for creation of rhodopsin
21
Q
what is rhodopsin
A
low light receptor
22
Q
what is vitamin A used for in general systems
A
differentiation and formation of epithelial tissues/ mucous membranes and is a free radical scavenger
23
what does vitamin A do in the general systems as a free-radical scavenger
is an antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic
24
what three things combine to form rhodopsin
retinal+opsin+vitamin A
25
what happens in vitamin A deficiency
impaired ability to see in dim light, hyperkeratinization of skin, roughened hair/plumage, low levels of immunoglobulins
26
what is vitamin A deficiency rare in and why
grazing animals b/c they eat plants with high carotene content
27
what is vitamin A deficiency most susceptible in and why
pigs and poultry, has to do with husbandry and the proper kinds and amounts being added to diet
28
what color are vitamin A provitamins
yellow, orange, red
29
what time of year/weather are vitamin A deficiencies and why
winter months and drought, because of insufficient green forage
30
when does vitamin A toxicity happen when not being excreted readily
long term ingestion of daily intake >50-500 fold the requirement
31
at what single dose of vitamin A toxicity has death occurred
500,000-1 million IU (industrial unit)
32
what are some signs of chronic vitamin A toxicity
anorexia, weight loss, thickened scaly skin, edema, crusty eyelids, alopecia, hemorrhaging, decreased bone strength, spontaneous fracture, death
33
what happens with vitamin A toxicity while pregnant
malformed young (cleft palate, abnormal skull/skeleton, atresia-oculi)
34
chemical name of vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
34
is vitamin D2 or D3 more stable
D3
35
what is the water soluble version of vitamin D3
milk-sulphate derivative
36
chemical name of vitamin D2
ergocalciferol
37
vitamin D is ----- susceptible to oxidation than vitamin A
less
38
what is the only abundant source of vitamin D
certain fishes (halibut and cod)
39
what is a plant source of vitamin D
dried plants
40
what is a small animal source of vitamin D
tissues (egg yolk, milk)
41
vitamin D is limited in what
plants and animals
42
what are the provitamins of vitamin D
7-dehydro-cholesterol, Pre-D3 cholecalciferol, 25 hydroxy D3
43
what converts vitamin D provitamins to their active form
UV light
44
where is Pre-D3 converted to 25 hydroxy D3
liver
44
where is 7-dehydro-cholesterol converted to Pre-D3
skin
45
exposure to sunlight does what
converts sterols to Vit D3
46
where is 25 hydroxy D3 converted to 1,25 hydroxy D3
kidney
47
where is dietary vitamin D absorbed (D3 and D2)
in the GI
48
what is the most biologically active form of vitamin D
1,25 hydroxy D3
48
what controls synthesis of 1,25 hydroxy D3
PTH from parathyroid in response to low calcium
49
what does 1,25 hydroxy D3 do for calcium and Ph absorption
increases it
49
what are two things that occur in vitamin D deficiency
abnormal bone (Rickets) or Osteomalacia
49
what does 1,25 hydroxy D3 do to Ca and Ph reabsorption from bone
increases it
50
what is Rickets and what is it common in
disease of growing bone common in young animals
50
what is osteomalacia and what is it most common in
reabsorption of bone common in older animals
50
what is common in rickets
weak and easily broken bones
50
what does Rickets result in (what animal)
bow legs (canines), swollen hocks/knees and arched back (cattle), swollen joints and broken bones (swine)
51
at what dose does vitamin D toxicity occur
>300,000 IU per day for > than 30 days
51
what happens in vitamin D toxicity
abnormal deposition of calcium in soft tissues
51
what do signs of osteomalacia result from
Ca/P imbalances
51
what is disturbed in Rickets
Ca and P deposition
52
what is needed to treat/ prevent osteomalacia in pigs and poultry
supplementation
52
what does osteomalacia result in in poultry
soft rubbery beak and bones
52
what else has been observed in vitamin D toxicity
premature closing and shortening of skull bones and abnormal teeth
53
what is death secondary to in Vit D toxicity
calcification of kidney tubules (uremic poisoning)
54
where are Ca deposits common in during Vit D toxicity and what does it result in
kidney
55
where is the abnormally deposited Ca resorbed from in vitamin D toxicity
from bone=weak brittle bones
56
what does Vit D toxicity do to fetus during pregnancy
nothing
57
chemical name of vitamin E
tocopherol
58
what is a vitamin E deficiency disease called
nutritional myopathy
58
how many active forms of vitamin E
8
59
what is most biologically active form of vitamin E
Alpha-tocopherol
60
what amount of vitamin E in cereal grains and what happens with moist storage
good amount-->decrease
60
how much more vitamin E in leaves than stems
20x
60
what is main source of vitamin E
in food (young green fodder)
60
what is vitamin E important for
cell membrane (needs polyunsaturated fats)
61
is vitamin E stored in animal body
no
62
what enzyme is in selenium
glutathione peroxidase
63
what does vitamin E do
acts as biological antioxidant working with selenium to prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fats
64
what is a nutritional myopathy
muscle degeneration
64
what happens most commonly in cattle with vitamin E deficiency (also lambs and horses)
white muscle disease
65
when is white muscle disease most common to occur in calves
calves turned out on spring pasture
66
why is white muscle disease most common in calves turned out on spring pasture
low vitamin E and selenium in winter followed by high polyunsaturated fats in spring grass
67
what are clinical signs of white muscle disease
skeletal muscle weakness, white streaks in skeletal and cardiac muscle
68
what is caused by a vitamin E deficiency in swine
mulberry heart disease
68
what kind of reports of vit E toxicity are there
they are all experimentally induced
69
what is special about the range of safe level intake in vit E
wider range than other fat soluble vitamins
69
what does selenium have a role in with vit E deficiency of chickens
has a role in myopathy and exudative diathesis but not crazy chick disease
69
what does vitamin E deficiency in chickens affect
pectoral muscles
69
what does vitamin E deficiency in chickens cause
Encephalomalacia AKA "Crazy Chick Disease" or Exudative diathesis
70
what does the vascular disease from vit E deficiency in chicks cause and result in
causes leaky blood vessels which results in edema of subcutaneous tissue
71
how was vitamin K discovered
due to importance in preventing hemorrhage
71
what are the clinical signs of mulberry heart disease in swine
skeletal muscle weakness, hemorrhagic and white streaks of cardiac muscle, pericardial fluid
72
is vit E toxicity common
there are few reports of it
73
what is the chemical name of vitamin K
phylloquinone
74
what is vitamin K also called
coagulation factor
75
what will rapidly destroy vitamin K
when exposing it to light
75
how is vitamin K present in plants
phylloquinone or K1
76
what are plant sources of vitamin K
leafy green vegetables
77
what are animal sources of vitamin K
egg yolk, liver, fish meal
78
what is vitamin K important for the synthesis of and where
synthesis of prothrombin in liver
78
what is prothrombin the precursor for
thrombin
79
what is thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin to hold blood clots together
80
why are vit K deficiencies not reported in ruminants, horses, and pigs under normal conditions
synthesis of vit K by bacteria in GI tract (ex. E. coli)
81
what can antibiotics do to vit K synthesis by GI microbes/bacteria
can depress normal flora and cause deficiency
82
how do you fix sweet clover disease
vit K supplementation
83
what is vit K deficiency related to in cattle
sweet clover disease
84
what does sweet clover disease to prothrombin levels
lowers prothrombin levels
85
what happens in sweet clover disease
coumarins are converted to dicumarol during storage
86
what is dicumarol
antagonist of vit K
87
where can dicumarol be found
damaged sweet clover hay and silage
88
what does dicumarol do in calves
massive internal hemorrhage and death
89
what is important about dicumarol in human med
first oral anticoagulant
89
what is wardain used in
rodenticide
90
what is warfarin
competitive inhibitior of K2
91
what is a name for dicumarol drug
Jantoven
92
what is a name for warfarin drug
Coumadin
93
what does vit K deficiency do in chickens
anemia and bleeding disorders
94
why does vit K deficiency affect chickens the way it does
microbial synthesis of vit K takes place too distally for absorption in GI tract
95
why would chickens bleed to death with vit K deficiency
easily injured and may bleed to death because their blood cannot coagulate (clot)
