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Chemistry Units 1 and 2 > Water solubility and concentration > Flashcards

Water solubility and concentration Flashcards

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1
Q

Wat is the shape of a water molecule and what type of bonds does it have

A

A water molecule has a bent V shape and contains 2 polar covalent bonds

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2
Q

What are the forces that attract one water molecule to another

A

Relatively strong hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule make with other water molecules

A

4 hydrogen bonds in ice

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4
Q

What gives water its high melting/boiling points

A

The strength of the hydrogen bonds, and
consequently the large amounts of energy required to disrupt the hydrogen bonds compared to other discrete molecules

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5
Q

Identify and explain the patter of melting points down the group 16 hydrides

A

Except water, the melting point increases down the group 16 hydrides, due to increasing strength of dispersion forces

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6
Q

Why is ice less dense than water

A

Due to its unique geometric arrangement of water molecules as a result of hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

What is Heat capacity and what does it measure

A

Heat capacity is a measure of a substance’s capacity to absorb and store heat energy, and measures The quantity of energy in joules to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree

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8
Q

Why is a heat capacity of water relatively high

A

The ability of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to absorb and store heat energy

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9
Q

Equation for the heat energy required to increase a mass of a substance by a particular temperature

A

q=mc ΔT

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10
Q

what is q in q=mc ΔT

A

the heat energy

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11
Q

what is m in q=mc ΔT

A

The mass in grams

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12
Q

what is c in q=mc ΔT

A

C is the specific heat capacity

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13
Q

what is ΔT in q=mc ΔT

A

The change in temperature

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14
Q

What is latent heat

A

The energy or heat released or absorbed during a phase change of a material

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15
Q

What type of process is the conversion of gas to liquid

A

Exothermic

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16
Q

What type of process is the conversion of ice to water

A

Endothermic

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17
Q

What is the latent heat of vaporisation of a substance

A

The heat energy needed to change 1 mole of the substance from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point

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18
Q

What is the latent heat of fusion of a substance

A

The heat energy needed to change one mole of a substance from a solid to a liquid at its boiling point

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19
Q

What equation is used to determine the heat energy requried to change the state of a substance

A

q= n x L

heat energy = amount(mol) x Latent heat

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20
Q

Why does the relatively high latent heat of vaporisation of water have significance

A

For cooling of organisms and preservation of water supplies

21
Q

What effect do oceans have on global temperatures

A

The oceans have a buffering effect on global temperatures

22
Q

What is a precipitation reaction

A

A reaction between 2 soluble salts (aqueous salts) that produces an insoluble salt

23
Q

What is solubility

A

A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature

24
Q

What happens to the solubility of solids and gases are the temperature of a solution increases

A

The solubility of solids increase
the solubility of gases generally decrease

25
Q

What is the term given to a value that lies on the solubility curve

A

Saturated solution

26
Q

What is the term given to a value that lies under the solubility curve

A

Unsaturated solution

27
Q

What is the term given to a value that lies above the solubility curve

A

Supersaturated solution

28
Q

Why do gases become less soluble as temperatures increase

A

As the dispersion forces between gas and water are easily broken at hgih temperatures

29
Q

What is the term given to liquids that dissolve in a solvent

(e.g. H20)

A

Miscible

30
Q

What is the term given to liquids that don’t dissolve in water

e.g. Oil

A

Form a layer and a called immiscible

31
Q

Factors that affect solubility

A

Hydrogen bonding
Attraction between solute particles
Temperature
(for gases, pressure and temperature)

32
Q

What is concentration of a solution

solute and solution

A

The quantity of solute dissolved in a quantity of solution

33
Q

Molarity

A

The number of moles of solute per litre of solution

34
Q

Formula for molar concentration

A

c=n/V

35
Q

Symbol for Molar

A

M

36
Q

Alternative units of concentration

A

Grams per litre
Parts per million
Percentage mass for mass
Percentage mass for volume

37
Q

What is ppm

formula

A

1mg per 1L

38
Q

Formula for Dilution

A

C2= (C1 x V1) / V2

39
Q

Conjugated base

A

An acid which has donated a proton (H+)

40
Q

Conjugated Acid

A

A base that has accepted a proton

41
Q

What is the Bronsted-Lowry theory

A

Describes acids as proton donors and bases are defined as proton acceptors

42
Q

Monoprotic

A

Acids that only have one proton to donate

e.g. HCl, HNO3

43
Q

Diprotic

A

Acids that have 2 protons to donate

44
Q

Triprotic

A

Acids that have 3 protons to donate

45
Q

Amphiprotic

A

Describes substances that can behave as either an acid or a base depending on what substance it is reacting with

46
Q

Why does water have a high latent heat

A

Large amounts of energy is needed to break the Hydrogen bonds so that the state can change

47
Q

What are the 3 key features of water

A

1) Has a relatively high melting point and boiling point
2)Has a high latent heat of fusion/vaporisation
3)Has a high specific heat capacity

48
Q

Why does ice expand when frozen

A

When water freezes each H20 molecule form 4 hydrogen bonds with 4 other h20 molecules, thus producing an open structure compound with liquid water where the molecules are sliding over each other.

Chemistry Units 1 and 2 (6 decks)

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