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Environmental Health Science > Water Resources > Flashcards

Water Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

properties of water

A

dipole, dissolves most polar molecules

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2
Q

characteristics of the water supply in the US

A

inexpensive, accessible, plentiful, relatively safe to drink

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3
Q

water covers ____% of the earth’s surface

A

71%

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4
Q

how many cubic kilometers of water exist on earth?

A

1.3 billion

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5
Q

how much of the water on earth is suitable for consumption?

A

3%

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6
Q

how much of earth’s water is in the oceans?

A

97%

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7
Q

how long can humans live without water?

A

3 days

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8
Q

how many people lack access to clean drinking water?

A

1.7 billion

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9
Q

how much water do we consume in a day?

A

3000 liters

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10
Q

how much is the global demand for water increasing annually?

A
  • 2.3 %
  • doubling every 21 years
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11
Q

how many people lack access to water for sanitation and waste disposal?

A

2.5 billion

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12
Q

benefits of water management

A
  • improves water efficiency
  • decreases consumption
  • preserves remaining resources
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13
Q

three major water consumers in the world

A

agriculture, industry, households/individuals

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14
Q

US average daily per capita water use

A

180 gallons

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15
Q

how much of water used for irrigation is lost to evaporation or runoff?

A

60%

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16
Q

what is the largest use of freshwater?

A

agriculture, about 2/3

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17
Q

how is water used in industry?

A

manufacturing, cooling, condensation by power plants, and waste disposal

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18
Q

how much water is used daily by industry in the US?

A

more than 200 billion gallons

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19
Q

what is the worldwide volume of groundwater?

A

8.5 million cubic kilometers

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20
Q

groundwater sources supply drinking water to ___% of people in the US

A

50%

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21
Q

what is an artesian aquifer?

A

confined on both sides by solid rock, but has an access point through which it can be recharged with groundwater

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22
Q

dug/bored wells

A

not very deep, wide diameter, pump is at the surface

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23
Q

drilled wells

A

submersible pump, intake screen, and connection to power source

24
Q

sources of groundwater contamination

A

septic systems, underground storage tanks, pesticides, fertilizers, landfills

25
Q

recharge

A

replacement of groundwater by natural processes

26
Q

water stress

A

ratio of water withdrawal to water availability

27
Q

ogallala aquifer

A
  • one of the worlds largest aquifers
  • beneath the great plains
  • under lots of water stress
28
Q

benefits of wetlands

A

stabilizes soil and slows surface runoff, allowing more aquifer infiltration

29
Q

water in the atmosphere

A
  • smallest reservoir, less than 1%
  • most rapid turnover rate
30
Q

increasing water supplies

A
  • building dams, canals, and reservoirs
  • seeding clouds
  • desalination
31
Q

types of desalination

A

distillation and reverse osmosis

32
Q

how many deaths per year from water borne infectious agents?

A

25 million

33
Q

main source of waterborne pathogens

A

improperly treated human waste

34
Q

biological oxygen demand

A

the need for oxygen in an environment

35
Q

oxygen sag

A

when the oxygen levels fall below biological oxygen demand

36
Q

inorganic pollutants

A

metals, nonmetallic salts, acids and bases

37
Q

organic pollutants

A

peticides, herbicides, fungicides, pharmaceuticals, pigments

38
Q

Safe Water Drinking Act (1974)

A
  • EPA set maximum contaminant levels for water pollutants
  • enforcement carried out by the states
39
Q

oxygen solubility in water ______________ as temperatures increase

A

decreases

40
Q

___% of the world’s wastewater flows back into the environment without being treated or reused

A

80%

41
Q

types of sewage treatment

A

pit privies, septic systems, municipal sewage treatment

42
Q

how deep is the pit in a pit privy?

A

5-6 feets

43
Q

in a pit privy, the waste should be frequently covered with _______

A

lime

44
Q

the pit of a pit privy must be how far from a water source?

A

15 meters

45
Q

how far must a septic tank be from water sources?

A

15 meters

46
Q

how far much a leach field be from water sources?

A

30 meters

47
Q

primary treatment

A

physical separation of large solids from the waste stream

48
Q

secondary treatment

A

biological degradation of dissolved organic compounds

49
Q

tertiary treatment

A

removal of plant nutrients from secondary effluent

50
Q

what does a comminuter do?

A

grinds up large materials

51
Q

what happens in a grit chamber?

A

rocks, gravel, and dense objects are separated out via rapid sedementation

52
Q

what happens in the primary clarifier?

A

sewage settles and separates into sludge on the bottom

53
Q

what is activated sludge?

A

biological oxidation process that mixes oxygen and microbes to rapidly break down organic matter, thereby further reducing biological oxygen demand

54
Q

what happens in the secondary clarifier?

A

the liquid portion of the material from the activated sludge tank is allowed to settle, most bacteria are removed in this process

55
Q

disinfection in municipal waste treatment

A

chlorine and UV radiation

56
Q
A

Environmental Health Science (3 decks)

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