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Physical Geography > Water On The Land > Flashcards

Water On The Land Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two things that affect the rate of erosion

A

•Load
(The heavier and sharper the load, the greater potential for erosion)
•Velocity
(The greater the velocity, the greater the potential for erosion)
•Gradient
(An increased gradient increases the rate of erosion)
•Geology
(Soft rocks are easily eroded)
•pH
(Solution increases where the water is more acidic)
•Human Impact
(Deforestation, Dams and bridges interfere with the natural flow and frequently end up increasing the rate of erosion)

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2
Q

Name the four types of erosion

A
  • Solution
  • Hydraulic Action
  • Attrition
  • Abrasion
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3
Q

What happens when Solution occurs?

A

River water dissolves some type of rock e.g chalk and limestone

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4
Q

What happens when Hydraulic Action occurs?

A

The force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel

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5
Q

What happens when Attrition occurs?

A

Eroded rocks picked up by the river smash into each other and break into small fragments. Their edges get rounded off as they rub together

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6
Q

What happens when Abrasion occurs?

A

Eroded rocks picked up by the river scrape and rub against the channel, wearing it away. Most erosion happens by abrasion

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7
Q

Name the four types of Transportation

A
  • Suspension
  • Traction
  • Saltation
  • Solution
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8
Q

What is Suspension?

A

Small particles like salt and clay are carried along by the water

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9
Q

What is Traction?

A

Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water

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10
Q

What is Saltation?

A

Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water

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11
Q

What is Solution?

A

Soluable materials dissolve in the water and are carried along

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12
Q

What is Deposition?

A

Deposition is when a river drops or leaves behind material that it has been carrying

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13
Q

When does Deposition occur?

A

Deposition occurs when there is a fall in speed (velocity) of the river or when there is a decrease in the amount or the water (volume). This can be when there is a change of gradient (steepness) or when the river enters a lake or the sea

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14
Q

What is long profile?

A

A line representing the course of a river from its source (relatively high up) to its mouth where it ends (usually in a lake or the sea) and the changes in height along its course

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15
Q

What is cross profile?

A

A line that represents what it would be like to walk from one side of a valley, across the channel and up the other side

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16
Q

Name the four parts of a river

A
  • Upper course
  • Middle course
  • Lower course
  • Mouth
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17
Q

Name three features of the Upper Course

A
  • Steepest Slope
  • Narrow Stream
  • Rocky Bed
  • Most Erosion
  • Source
18
Q

Name three features of the Middle course

A
  • Less Steep
  • Quite Wide Stream
  • Less Rocky
  • Erosion and Deposition
19
Q

Name three features of the Lower course

A
  • Faltter Slope
  • Wide River
  • Smooth Bed
  • Fastest Flow
  • River Appears To Move Slowly
  • Deposition
  • Mouth
20
Q

Name two landforms that are in the Upper Course of a river

A
  • V-Shape Valleys
  • Waterfalls
  • Gorges
  • Interlocking Spurs
  • Rapids
21
Q

Name one landform that is in the Middle Course of a river

A
  • Meanders

* Ox-bow lakes

22
Q

Name one landforms that is in the Lower course of the river

A
  • Floodplains

* Delta’s

23
Q

River Discharge key terms

A
  • Discharge
  • Drainage Basin
  • Flood/Storm Hydrograph
  • Flashy
  • Relief
  • Impermeable
  • Porus
  • Pervious
  • Deforestation
  • Urbanisation
24
Q

How does a Waterfall form?

A
  1. Hard rock lies above the soft rock
  2. The soft rock erodes quicker due to hydraulic Action and Abrasion
  3. The hard rock is undercut and overhangs as Erosion of the soft rock continues
  4. A plunge pool is created at the base of the waterfall
  5. Eventually the hard rock collapses into the plunge pool as it cannot support its own weight
  6. The waterfall retreats upstream forming a steep sided Gorge
  7. The process begins again
25
Q

What is formed after a Waterfall?

A

A gorge

26
Q

What is a Drainage Basin?

A

A drainage Basin (or catchment area) is an area of land where rain collects and runs into a main river.

27
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Any source of moisture reaching the ground, e.g. rain, snow

28
Q

What is Interception?

A

Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass.

29
Q

What is surface storage?

A

Water held on the ground surface e.g puddles

30
Q

What is Infiltration?

A

Water sinking into soil/rock from the ground surface.

31
Q

What is Soil Moisture?

A

Water held in the soil layer.

32
Q

What is percolation?

A

Water seeping deeper below the surface.

33
Q

What is ground water?

A

Water stored in the rock.

34
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

Water lost through pores in vegetation.

35
Q

What is Evaporation?

A

Water lost from ground/vegetation.

36
Q

What is surface run-off (overload flow)?

A

Water flowing on top of the ground.

37
Q

What is Throughflow?

A

Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface.

38
Q

What is surface water?

A

Water is moved back to sea over ground by rivers

39
Q

What is ground water?

A

Water is moved through the ground back to sea.

40
Q

What is Discharge?

A
  • The amount (volume) of water passing a given point in a river at a given moment.
  • It’s measured in Cumecs.
  • Discharge will change throughout the year and on a daily basis.

Physical Geography (4 decks)

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