Water on the Land Flashcards

Question

What are the factors affecting the rate of transportation?

Answer 1

There will be more transported when there's high volume and velocity.

Answer 2

Dropping or dumping

Answer 3

The continuous transfer of water from the oceans into the atmosphere, then onto the land and finally back into the oceans. it has a fixed amount of water.

Answer 4

Liquid to gas (water to water vapour)

Answer 5

Evaporation of water from plants

Answer 6

Both evaporation and transpiration happening together

Answer 7

Gas to liquid (water vapour to water)

Answer 8

Any form of water falling onto the earth's surface

Answer 9

Water soaking into soil

Answer 10

Water moving vertically down through soil and rock

Answer 11

Water in soil flows down

Answer 12

Moisture in rock travelling through pores and cracks of rocks towards the sea

Answer 13

Water flows overground downhill

Answer 14

Water lands on leaves and doesn't hit ground

Answer 15

When the water can no longer infiltrate the soil. Holes and cracks are full of water.

Answer 16

Pores and cracks contain air and water

Answer 17

Moisture held in the rocks

Answer 18

Where the river ends at the sea or a lake.

Answer 19

Inputs, flows (transfers), stores and outputs

Answer 20

Where the river begins

Answer 21

Bottom of the river channel

Answer 22

The sides of the river channel

Answer 23

Material carried by the river

Answer 24

the river mud deposited in floods

Answer 25

Flat land on either side of a channe that would be covered in water if the river overflows.

Answer 26

The area drained by a river and its tributaries

Answer 27

The boundary of the river basin

Answer 28

The section of river near the source

Answer 29

The section of river near the mouth

Answer 30

The section of river between the upper and lower courses

Answer 31

A bend in the channel

Answer 32

A slice through

Answer 33

The journey form source to mouth

Answer 34

cross sectional area (m²) = width (m) x mean depth (m)

Answer 35

Discharge (m³/s (cumecs)) = cross sectional area x mean velocity

Answer 36

The gradual break down of rocks

Answer 37

Steep slopes meeting at the channel with no flood plain found in the upper course.

Answer 38

1. Vertical erosion due to gravitational potential energy in upper course, by hydraulic action (power of water), abrasion (sandpapering) and corrosion (dissolving) 2. Weathering weakens the valley sides especially by freeze thaw 3. Slope transport - by rockfall or landslide, blocks channel. River builds up behind and erodes the natural dam, leaving a V shape. Eventually vegetation will grow and hold the valley sides in place.

Answer 39

Finger of higher land jutting into the river's course around which it must wind.

Answer 40

Due to hard rock, vertical erosion dominant so ends of spurs not eroded

Answer 41

A sudden drop in the river channel/bed

Answer 42

An overdeepened part of the bed under the waterfall

Answer 43

Near vertical sided valley as wide and tall as the waterfall was

Answer 44

1. Whinstone is a more resistant rock so not easily eroded but sandstone is less resistant so eroded by hydraulic action, abrasion and corrosion 2. Creating a plunge pool 3. Undercutting of less resistant rocks leaves cap rock with no support 4. Cap rock collapses so waterfall retreats upstream elaving a gorge. The broken cap rock will erode the punge pool by abrasion.

Answer 45

Upper course: contour lines are close together Middle course: doesn't cross many contours. Meters above sea level are lower. Gentler valley sides and bendy river. Lower course: very low meters above sea level

Answer 46

An area of loose material found on the inside of a meander. Also called a point bar.

Answer 47

A near vertical bank on the outside bend of a meander. From a few centimetres to a few metres tall.

Answer 48

Outside fastest because water thrown to outside, therefore erosion by hydraulic action and abrasion undercutting river cliff causing it to collapse. This part is deep because there is no friction so the water is fast. Inside is shallow therefore friction with bed load. The flow is slower as there's more friction and deposition of load transported by suspension or saltation or traction. Point bar/beach builds up on slip-off slope

Answer 49

A horse shoe shaped body of still water cut off from the river channel, found in the middle course.

Answer 50

* When rainfall is heavy and lasts a long time there will be a lot of surface run off. Water will reach the river very quickly. lag time will be short and the discharge high. Rain will not be able to sink into frozen ground in winter. This also means water will flow away over the surface. (But if it is a long winter with temperatures below freezing for several weeks, snow will be held in drifts so the water levels won't rise - this is different when there's precipitation) * An impermeable rock is one which does not let water pass through. A river basin with impermeable rock will have a lot of surface run-off. A permeable rock allows water to pass through it. A river basin with permeable rock will have little surface run-off. * If the land is covered in trees, rainwater will be delayed in reaching the river. Where the land has been built upon, rainwater will reach the river very quickly. * If a dam is built across a river, flood water can be held back. This will increase lag time and reduce the peak discharge. Water can be released when river levels are lower.

Answer 51

Swan-neck meanders eventually turn into ox-bow lakes by fast flow causing the outside bend to erode through hydraulic action and abrasion and the slower flow on the inside bends cause deposition. These processes continue and the neck of the land becomes narrower. Eventually, the two outside bends become closer and usually, in times of flooding, the small neck of land will be broken through due to the higher discharge causing a faster flow so a higher rate of erosion. This creates a straight river channel. Over a period of time, the alluvium would deposit due to the increased friction causing the river to run out of energy and no longer carry the load and soon seals off the old meander forming an ox-bow lake. Eventually, this will dry up due to evaporation or infiltration and will leave a meander scar.

Answer 52

The volume of water passing a certain point in a river in a given time

Answer 53

* throughflow - water in soil travelling downhill * ground flow - moisture in rocj travelling through pores towards sea * surface run-off - water flowing overground downhill * direct precipitation

Answer 54

Rivers with a short lag time and a high peak discharge

Answer 55

A flood is caused when the discharge exceeds channel capacity so the water overflows onto the flood plain.

Answer 56

The discharge is greater than base flow but is less than channel's capacity.

Answer 57

During the hot temperatures in the summer, the ground becomes impermeable therefore the large amounts of precipitation caused by the thunderstorm will not be able to infiltrate, therefore there will be no percolation, groundwater flow or through flow. This means that the large amounts of water will go into the river channel through the fastest way - surface run-off. As most of the water reaches the channel with a greater velocity, this causes the discharge levels in the channel to exceed the capacity and cause the water to overflow onto the flood plain at a rapid rate and cause a flash flood.

Answer 58

* After a summer thunderstorm * Deforestation * Urbanisation * Impermeable underlying rock * Long period of rainfall * Heavy snowfall following a few days when temperatures are below freezing

Answer 59

Deforestation of trees can reduce interception through leaves delaying surface run-off. Similarly, roots store soil moisture delaying water reaching the channel through through flow. The roots also take up water to use in photosynthesis therefore reduce the amount of water reaching the channel. Leaves also use the water through evapotranspiration therefore the amount of water reaching is reduced. If the number of trees is reduced, there'll be more water at a greater velocity reaching the channel through surface run-off which means that a greater amount of water will reach the river in a given time, causing the water to overflow onto the flood plain.

Answer 60

Tarmac and concrete surfaces are used when building urban areas and these are impermeable. This means that the water will not infiltrate, resulting into no percolation, groundwater flow or through flow. This means that the majority of water reaches the channel through surface run-off at a greater velocity due to large amounts of water reaching the channel at the same time. The efficient drains and gutters which are smooth and cylinder-shaped remove surface water. Small streams are forced to travel through these and this causes a smaller amount of friction causing a reduced amount of water touching the wetted perimeter causing the discharge of a river to rise rapidly and increase the channel's capacity causing the water to overflow onto the floodplain. (Also deforestation)

Answer 61

* Urban area has a shorter lag time * Urban area has a higher peak discharge * Urban area has a steeper rising and falling limb/more flashy

Answer 62

1. A river floods due to high discharge in the river channel which is hard to cope with. The water then overflows and fills the valley and transports the load by suspension, saltation and larger load by traction. The load is then deposited as alluvium on the sides of the channel as the river no longer has the energy to carry the load due to the shallow water and increased friction. Eventually the water infiltrates or evaporates. 2. As time passes after millions of years, many floods occur causing layers of deposition to build up and get compressed to soon form a flood plain. A floodplain is also built up by deposition on the inside bend of the meander, on the slip-off slope as shallower water has friction with the bed load it slows down and runs out of energy.

Answer 63

A cheese wedge-shaped ridge along the bank of a river. They can also be man-made.

Answer 64

1. The river floods due to higher discharge to what the river channel could cope with. As it flows it transports its load by traction, saltation and suspension. Soon as it leaves the channel it loses energy due to shallow water therefore large load such as gravel is deposited first and then the medium sized such as sand. The fine sediments of alluvium are carried right across the plain. 2. Repeated flooding creates ridges as large load is deposited over other large loads in the same place. 3. During times of low discharge the river can't even transport alluvium so it's depositted on the bed. It builds up so much causing the river to flow above the flood plain. 4. By having the river above the flood plain, there's a great flood risk so levées are strengthened with concrete or made taller or an artificial levée may be built - set back on the flood plain to stop the flood water from spreading too far.

Answer 65

A visual representation to show how the discharge of a river changes over time (line graph). In response to a rainfall event (bar graph).

Answer 66

Discgarge if water at normal times through ground water

Answer 67

The section of the graph which shows the rapid increase of discharge in river due to surface run-off.

Answer 68

The section of the graph which shows the gradual movement of precipitation reaching the river in decreasing amounts due to through flow.

Answer 69

The highest volume of water passing a point in a given time in the river channel.

Answer 70

The highest amount of precipitation

Answer 71

The numer of hours taken to reach the maximum level of discharge in the river since the highest amount of rainfall

Answer 72

A river with a steep rising and falling limb and a high peak discharge therefore a shorter lag time

Answer 73

Teukesbury, Gloucestershire, 2007

Answer 74

1. Dry spring - soil moisture evaporated so ground hard, no infiltration possible. This caused fast surface run-off and increased discharge. River Severn overflowed. 2. Heavy rainfall in May and June - this saturated the soil and therefore no more infiltration took place. In July, there was excessive rain - equivalent of 2 months' rain fell in one day.

Answer 75

_Short Term_ 1. Roads were cut off such as the M5 due to concrete being an impermeable surface therefore no infiltration and a lot of surface run-off causing water to be absorbed by car engines causing break-downs. This resulted in many accidents and arguments between drivers creating a social problem. 2. Fields were cut off as soil became saturated therefore no more infiltration. Therefore crops were destroyed and farmers lost their money. Animals also had to suffer due to a loss of vegetation. Also, the Cathedral was left on a dry island so it was unreachable. 3. Due to contamination of water treatment works and pumping de to overflow of water, tap water was cut off to avoid diseases such as cholera. This meant that people had to find and collect water themselves which was time consuming. This was a problem for the elderly as they couldn't have walked if water was at a distance. _Long Term_ 1. Floods destroyed homes leaving many homeless therefore people had to live in caravans leading to a life without freedom for almost a year and hence resulting in depression. Possessions were also lost and food supplies were wiped out inside homes so people had to be in hunger for a while. 2. Insurance premiums increased by three or four times as too many houses became flooded so many weren't able to afford to help retrieve back their homes and had to stay in their caravans. 3. Suspension in river caused alluvium in water to deposit onto fields benefitting farmers as this would result into fertile (full of nutrients) soil, this would have helped them retrieve back their lost crops and vegetation.

Answer 76

_Short Term_ 1. Tanks were brought by large lorries to provide drinking water and so were bottled water which people used to fill buckets and bottles with as water services have stopped to avoid contaminated water due to the overflow of water and therefore water borne diseases such as cholera. 2. Community spirit was developed as people helped neighbours if basic amenities became destroyed by giving them temporary places to live such as places in their homes. This would have also helped some come out of depression as they have a place to live for a while. 3. The RAF rescued people from cars from the M5 such as the elderly and pregnant ladies as they were stuck there due to car engines absorbing the water and breaking down. 4. Some vandalised tanks with paint or washing up liquid to prevent people from collecting drinking water leaving many thirsty and without water to do their daily chores. The elderly would have had to walk further to find clean water and this would have been a problem if they were living alone. _Long Term_ 1. Many were signed to the free flood warning scheme to reduce further damage and better flood defences which would possibly make future floods less serious and this gave hope for the people who were depressed and upset. 2. Several suffered from depression due to a loss of precious items and no permanent place to live as houses have been destroyed by surface run-off of flood water. 3. Family life and relationships were damaged as young children had no freedom when they're in caravans and some family members may be separated as they're stuck somewhere else due to transport breaking down. This will result in a lot of worry for the families.

Answer 77

This will increase the risk of a flood because the precipitation is unable to infiltrate the soil. Therefore, resulting in more surface run-off, rather than ground water flow or through flow which are much slower processes than surface run-off. This means that the water will flow downhill much quicker resulting in the channel exceeding its capacity.

Answer 78

Heavy precipitation will increase the surface run-off coming into the river as the rain is falling so fast that the ground becomes saturated very quickly and no more water can infiltrate. The surface run-off gets to the river quickly all in one go causing the discharge of the river to be high and the water level to rise until it overflows its banks as the discharhe is higher than the base flow.

Answer 79

There is a high flood risk when a heavy snowfall follows a few days when temperatures remained below freezing because when the snow melts, it is unable to infiltrate as the ground is impermeable due to frozen soil. As there is no infiltration, there's no through flow so all the water travels by fast surface run-off to the channel creating increased discharge which causes a flood.

Answer 80

River Ganges, Bangladesh, 2004

Answer 81

_Short Term_ * The flooding of the River Ganges resulted in 600 deaths across Bangladesh. Disease continued to raise the death toll after increased rainfall. Because of raw sewage and mud entering the drinking water system, more died in Dhaka due to diarrhoea. * There was destruction of many buildings and bridges and roads and railways being submerged by flood water therefore transport became near impossible. Not only the locals suffered but this also prevented international aid as the Dhaka Airport was flooded. * Vegetable crops were destroyed including Bangladesh's main food supply paddy firelds. Home food supplies were also washed away leaving people in a desperate situation. _Long Term_ * Many schools and hospitals in Dhaka were damaged. This costed a lot to repair and the government did not have enough money as it's an LEDC. Damaged schools reduced the chance of people coming out of poverty and resulted in low literacy rates. There were many casualties in the hospitals so there were orpaned children and families without support decreasing the chance of escaping poverty. * Paddy rice was washed away and is the main crop leaving people in hunger. Some cash crops such as jute and sugar were washed away leaving country with little exports and large deficit. * Silt was left behind making soil fertile which increased yield of paddy rice and helped country recover from food and grow exports.

Answer 82

_Short Term_ * The local community could do very little as they had very little money so continued daily lives such as cycling rickshaws for rich. Some tried to find high relief away from flood but were unsuccessful due to low relief and had to carry animals and possessions. Others tried to rebuild temporary homes and rescue people with small, self-owned boats. * There was heavy reliance on emergency aid from international organisations such as the United Nations, wealthy governments and charities. These provided food supplies as the the country's main food supply consisted of rice paddies which had been washed away, medicine, clothing and blankets. Charities such as WaterAid supplied water purification tablets and posters highlighting risks. _Long Term_ * An action plan for flood control was prepared by the World Bank to build embankments and dams and levées. These prevented water from reaching the land but due to inadequate funding and corruption this scheme remains unfinished. * The World Bank installed flood forecasting and early warning schemes so that during future floods homes and villages could be prepared in advance therefore preventing further flood damage. * Food shelters were built on higher land on stilts with emergency supplies such as dried food and clean water so that people could stay there temporarily with their cattle and access uncontaminated supplies. **(Last two responses are cheaper and more appropriate for farming and fishing communities in rural areas)**

Answer 83

Building man-made structures to control the river and stop flooding

Answer 84

Working with the river system to reduce the effects of flooding

Answer 85

Dams and reservoirs - build concrete wall across valley in upper course to create a reservoir. Control discharge released to prevent flooding downstream.

Answer 86

_Costs_ * Very expensive to construct and maintain dam * Flooded farm land and any settlements under reservoir _Benefits_ * Controlled discharge so no future flooding downstream * Dam can produce hydro electric power * Lake provides new habitats and water offers sports opportunities.

Answer 87

Warn and prepare - environment agency records precipitation and uses past research on hydrographs to predict peak discharge and lag time. Warnings on TV, radio, text messages and websites to local residents. Residents move valuables and furniture upstairs. Council give out sand bags.

Answer 88

River straightening - with concrete bank channel and high levées. Cut off meanders and provide new strong channel that won't be eroded and can cope with high discharge. Increased gradient so water leaves area faster.

Answer 89

_Costs_ * Expensive to build new land and keep dredging * Loss of habitats on river banks - animals can't burrow into concrete * Reduced lag time lower down river - flooding _Benefits_ * Reduces flooding in urban area * Straight river helps shipping - faster * River taken up less space than meandering course

Answer 90

Do nothing - let river flood when discharge exceeds channel capacity

Answer 91

_Costs_ * Costs of repairing flood damage _Benefits_ * Alluvium improves quality of soil on flood plain * No building costs * Improves habitats in wetlands

Answer 92

_Costs_ * Long term research costs * Time and effort of everybody moving belongings * Cost of repairs to buildings * Everybody might not be able to respond - not home, on their own _Benefits_ * Reduces costs of damage * Cheap to warn people * Individuals are responsible, government don't pay, so taxes stay low

Answer 93

Flood plain zoning - allow differnet land uses in different areas

Answer 94

_Costs_ * Frequent flooding of farmland so farmer loses income * Towns already built at wet point site so expensive to move them _Benefits_ * Minimal damage to housing * Improved soil due to new alluvium, once floodwater has evaporated or infiltrated

Answer 95

Plant trees in upper course to intercept heaviest precipitation so lower peak discharge and longer lag time

Answer 96

_Costs_ * Planting and caring for saplings costs money * Clean up costs because flooding not reduced for 20 years * Cost of land for forestry

Answer 97

Hard engineering used to be the most popular but now a combination of hard and soft is used.

Answer 98

River Tees

Answer 99

Hard engineering has been done: * Dam - Cow Green Reservoir * Straightened channel by cutting off meanders * Flood walls and gates at Yarm with extra high banks to keep flood water out * Barrage - temporary dam across river that lets river water out, but no sea water can come in

Answer 100

This occurs when the amount of water available does not meet that required. This may be due to an inadequate supply at a particular time or it may relate to water quality. ## Footnote **Demand exceeds supply**

Answer 101

Locations where the rain that falls does not provide enough water on a permanent basis. Shortages may occur under certain conditions, e.g. long periods without rain

Answer 102

Areas that have more water than is needed - often such areas receive a high rainfall total, but have relatively small population.

Answer 103

* Higher population in UK so a higher demand for water. * Electricity power stations use water to provide electricity such as hydro stations using water from the river and fossil fuel power stations using the water as steam to turn turbines. As there are more appliances requiring electricity, more electricity is being used. * Houses contain many appliances which require a lot of water so this means that each household uses a high amount of water resulting in a high demand. Also, a more affluent lifestyle demands for more water as wealthy people buy more labour saving devices such as washing machines replacing hand washing. They also demand foodstuffs which are out of season and require irrigation which farmers also use. * Industries use large amounts of water in the processing and manufacturing of goods. large metal products such as cars require large amounts of water for cooling.

Answer 104

_North and West_ * High precipitation (relief) due to prevailing winds from SW and mountains * Good locations for reservoirs, V shaped valleys, low quality farm land, sparsely populated * Cooler temperatures due to high altitude and cloudy skies so less evaporation _South and East_ * Low precipitation due to rain shadow effect - clouds descend, warm and evaporate * Flat land, wide floodplains, already urbanised, few locations for reservoirs * Warmer temperatures, cloudless skies, so more evaporation

Answer 105

_North and West_ * Few people/ low population density * Farmers don't need to irrigate as high precipitation and hill, sheep/ pastoral farm * Few factories to use water * HEP stations recycle the water _South and East_ * High population density in nucleated settlements * Farmers irrigate as precipitation is low and arable crops use more water (greenhouses or field irrigation) * Many factories on flatter land, heavy mechanised use lots of water * Thermal and nuclear power stations use a lot of water

Answer 106

_North and West_ High supply + low demand = surplus _South and East_ Low supply + high demand = deficit

Answer 107

1. Reduce demand * Domestic * Hose pipe ban * Water efficient machines eg. washing machines * Meter for water use * Low energy appliances and lights * Water companies * Fines if they don't mend leaks * Industry * Meters so pay for what they use 2. Increase supply * Homes have water butts to trap and store precipitation * Transfer water from North and West * By tanker or lorry - not effective as too expensive and causes environmental damage * Pipes - expensive to set up and maintain * Combination of pipe and river transfer - pipe line from the River Severn to the River Thames is cheaper to build as it's a short pipe BUT the Severn water has different temperatures, acidity and nutrients so will kill the River Thames' ecosystem. River Severn's lower discharge with affect salmon migration

Answer 108

Kielder Dam - North East England

Answer 109

The Kielder water stores precipitation from the Pennines and releases water which travels down the River Tyne to Newcastle. Some of the river's discharge is sent down a tunnel and is transferred by river to Sanderland and Middlesborough (East). If required water can be piped from the River Tees to York.

Answer 110

1. Relief - wide valley, steep valley sides to create deep lake, less evaporation 2. Climate - high precipitation in Pennines causes surface run-off to fill reservoir 3. Rock type - impermeable rocks so no percolation 4. Population - dispersed farming settlements, low population density so few families to relocate 5. Land quality - poor so farmers making little money 6. Ecosystems - rough grazing and woodlands - not special so no animals extinct

Answer 111

* Economic: * cost of building dam and pipeline/tunnel and maintaining * compensation and relocation of a few farm families * buy land - but low quality so cheap * Social: * farmers forced out of family home - could have been there for generations * Environmental: * flooded land may drown animals but not many are special

Answer 112

* Economic * farmers got compensation * industry can have supply of water * jobs in tourism, water industry and forestry * Social * choice of jobs for locals * improved quality of life due to leaisure activities on/around reservoir * Environment * reservoir creates more variety in habitats

Answer 113

Benefits outway the costs due to smaller problems in costs and larger benefits

Answer 114

* As it has Pennines' precipitation * No hosepipe bans even during drought for Eastern cities * River Tees habitat not destroyed as water from same source area

Answer 115

* Where mostly occurred - why * Difference between recent and old * Number of rivers affected * Names of rivers * Shape * Distribution * Use scale - how further apart and size of clusters

Answer 116

1. Mark the point x or the point asked on a piece of paper and write how many (m) above sea level 2. Do for other contours until finishing point 3. Mark on line graph - axis musn't be exaggerated a lot and labelled - if stretched tell examiner how much it it and say why you've done it - can see change in slope 4. Labels asked should then be labelled