Water On and Under the Ground PPT Flashcards
hydrology
the scientific study of water
evaporation
water changes from a liquid into water vapor
transpiration
water taken up by plants passes into the atmosphere
condensation
water changes from a vapor into a liquid or a solid
precipitation
process by which water that condensed in the atmosphere falls back to the surface as rain, snow, or hail
surface runoff
precipitation that drains over the land or in stream channels
infiltration
the process by which water works its way into the ground through small openings in the soil
hydrologic cycle
surface or near surface processes, powered by energy from the sun, closed cycle with open systems, amount of water is fixed, linked to tectonic and rock cyles
where did water come from?
primordial outgassing, transport with comet, biochemical processes
fresh water
low concentration of dissolved salt and other total dissolved solids (ice sheet/caps, iceberg, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes rivers, ground water)
sea/salt water
high concentration of dissolved salt and other total dissolved solids (oceans, seas, salt lakes, brine pools)
Water covers ___ percent of the earth
75%
sustainability involves…
regarding water with proper use, proper management, and avoid contamination
stream/river
flowing body of liquid water, flows down a slope and along channels
gradient
the steepness of the slope
channel
a clearly defined natural passageway
stream discharge
amount of water any point
stream load
sediment carried
channel/river anatomy
head, main stream, mouth, delta
delta
sedimentary deposit, commonly triangular, that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water (like an ocean)
types of rivers/streams
straight, meandering, and braided
straight river
not very common, occur over a short distance, high gradient, deeper part at the center, high energy at center, symmetrical energy gradient, commonly upstream
meandering river
very common, occur over a long distance, commonly downstream, low gradient/flat, deeper part is close to the outer bank, high energy close to outer bank, asymmetrical energy gradient
oxbow lake
eventually turning into a swamp, this body of water was once a part of a meandering stream before it was cut off
braided river
characterized by multiple channels, in channel sediment deposition, variable water amount, variable sediment size/load, seasonal changes of discharge (snow melts)
flood
an event in which a body of water overflows its banks
flood protection
planting trees, terracing hillsides to slow flow downhill, manmade channels to divert flood water, contruction of artificial levees, construction of dams or retention ponds
groundwater
subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and fractures in bedrock
water table
top surface of the saturated zone, can be shallow or deep, surface vary with topography
aquifer
body of rock or regolith that is water saturated, porous, and permeable
aquiclude
layer of impermeable rock
porosity
percentage of the total volume of a body of rock or regolith that consists of open spaces (pores), total pore space
permeability
measure of how easily a solid allows fluids to pass through it; degree of interconnectivity
percolation
groundwater seeps downward, flows under the influence of gravity
recharge
replenishment of groundwater
spring
groundwater flowing out where the water table is at the surface
artesian well
well accessing water from a confined aquifer, water rises in artesian wells without pumps due to a release of confining pressure
over pumping of ground water leads to…
reduces pore spaces, reduces the capacity of the aquifer, controlled pumping
pollution of ground water
industrial waste, domestic waste, septic tanks, underground storages
karst regions
caves and sinkholes; result of the slight acidic nature of grounwater
caves
underground spaces carved by groundwater
sinkholes
sunken surface region created by dissolution of underground support rock
