Labs 7-11 Flashcards
reservoir
describes a major type of water body on the earth in which water can enter and exit from, usually to or from a different type of neighboring reservoir
hydrologic cycle
an image that shows how water exchanges between reservoirs
types of reservoirs
oceans ice caps & glaciers ground water lakes soil moisture atmosphere streams/rivers biosphere
oceans
largest of earth’s water reservoirs (2/3); 5 oceans
ice caps & glaciers
frozen reservoirs of earth; water in the form of glacial ice
groundwaater
water that resides and moves under the surface of the earth, mostly in pores or cracks of rock or sediment
lakes
occurs when groundwater table intersects the land surface; basically, its just the top view of the groundwater table
soil moisture
water held in the open pore space withing the earth’s soils; eventually infiltrates to the zone of saturation and becomes groundwater
atmosphere
layer of a mixture of gases (air) that surrounds the earth; water vapor = water as a gas
streams/rivers
water that flows in a channel
biosphere
all living things on earth
great lakes
largest supply of freshwater in the world; 5
variability
describes HOW data (set of data) changes over time; it is described both by how much the data varies and by what time frame it fluctuates over; described as regular or irregular
trend
trends can be increasing or decreasing
groundwater
water found within the open spaces of soil, sedicment, and rock below the earth’s surface
zone of aeration
region of the subsurface above the water table; zone where pore space contains both water and air; aka unsaturated zone
zone of saturation
region of the subsurface below the water table; zone where pore space is completely filled with groundwater
groundwater table
boundary, approximately parallel to the earth’s surface, that separates the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation; represents top surface of the saturated zone
acquifer
a subsurface sediment or rock through which ground water can flow easily; distringuished by their ability to be used as an economic resource (drinking water, irrigation…)
ground water wells
see prelab
contour lines
used to estimate continuous values over an area using data thatis only available at discreet locations within that area
examples of using contour lines
weather - weather data is collected at specific weather stations, yet we know that weather occurs continuously across the earth’s surface (use contour maps to represent the range in weather values across the entire surface area b/t stations)
contour interval
contour lines are always drawn at a regular interval; difference b/t two adjacent contour lines
contour lines spaced closer together
steeper slode
wide spacing b/t contour lines
gradual slope
concentric closed contours
denote hilltop or summit
contour that is a circle with hachure marks
depict a closed depression like a hole
contour lines and v-shaped pattern
the point shows upstream; they will occur in pairs on opposite sides of a valley
latitude
angular distance measured north and south of the equator;0-90 degrees
longitude
angular distance measured east and west of the Prime Meridian; 0-180
degrees…
1 degree is divided into 60 minutes which is further divided into 60 seconds
scale of a map
relationship b/t distance on a map and the actual distance on the earth’s surface
types of scales
fractional, verbal, graphical
fractional scale
equivalence of one unit on the map to the number of units on the ground; ratios (ex: 1:24000)
verbal scale
states the relationship of units on a map to units on the real ground in words (es: one inch is equal to 2000 ft); usually deals with what 1 inch on a map represents
graphical scale
a line that has been marked at intervals, much lok a ruler
map legend
explains the symbols used on the map
inputs
add water to a system groundwater flow precipitation dew ice and snow frost fog drip snow melt runoff runoff
outputs
remove water from a system condensation evaporation evapotranspiration transpiration ice duration plant uptake
lake volume level
lake volume = inputs - outputs
trendlines are helpful because..
it helps make the trend easier to see by cancelling out all of the variability by showing the average of the data
perched water table
an accumulation of groundwater that is avove the water table in the saturated zone. the groundwater is usually trapped avove an impermeable soil layer and forms a lens of saturated material in the unsaturated zone
confined acquifer
exists where the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined acquifers is forced up
private well
usually not as deep; these wells are privately owned and they don’t go to the rest of the city for their use
municipal (city) well field
provides the household and commercial water needs for the city’s population and businesses; entire city uses groundwater as water source
recharge
water added to an acquifer (ex: injection wells, rain water)
purpose/function of longitude and latitude
serve as location information so that every spot on the globe can be pinpointed accurately
what do contour lines on a topographic map represent
indicate the elevation and shape of terrain on a topographic map
why can’t contour lines ever cross over each other?
each line represents a separate elevation. it’s impossible to have 2 different elevations at the same point
measurements of degrees
1 degree = 60 min = 360 sec
how and where do igneous rock form
formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. they can form either below the surface (intrusive or on/near the surface (extrusive)
felsic
igneous rocks - light colored minerals that are relatively rich in silicon and oxygen ex: quartz; igneous rocks
mafic
dark colored minerals that are rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium; generally found at ocean ridges and oceanic hot spots ex: pyroxene and olivine; igneous rocks
phaneritic
texture that occurs when igneous rock cools slowly labeling it as intrusive; igneous rocks
aphanitic
texture that occurs when igneous rocks cool rapidly and are labeled extrusive; igneous rocks
how and where do sedimentary rock form?
such that they are stratified; deposited layer upon layer
clastic sedimentary rock
rocks that are composed of broken pieces of older rock and composed of fragments (clasts) of already preexisting rock; classified based on grain size, sorting, and roundness; sedimentary
biological/biochemical sedimentary rock
rock made up of organic remains like shell fragments; form from the accumulation of biologic material (shells, dead plant material, etc); sedimentary
how and where do metamorphic rocks form
form when rocks are subjected to high heat and pressure deep underthe earth’s surface; the extreme heat/pressure may be a result of magma or the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates
foliation
metamorphic rocks; repetitive layering of metamorphic rock; the thickness of these layers may vary, but it occurs under extremely ihgh and unequal pressure within the earth’s interior
common types of bedrock in ohio
shales, limestone, sandstones, (coals)
dayton limestone
typically tan, pale cream to white-colored rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate
fossils - corals and stromatoids and trace fossils can also be seen
found in dayton, kettering, xenia, centerville
most building from 1806-1840 were constructed by it and university of dayton was founded in 1850
uses of rock
functional or decorative
functinoal
a stone is functional if it does some kind of work, such as supporting a building or is a retaining wall
decorative
a stone is decorative if it is no needed for some kind of work. in other words, the structure to which it belonds could function without the particular stone
a statue that is calcite…
it will turn slightly green as a result of acid rain
purpose of sedimentary rocks
functional
purpose of igneous and metamorphic rocks
decorative
why were limestone and dolostone used often in ohio
Historically, ohio has been submerged beneath the ocean. since it was formed in the area, it is more convenient to use these rocks in construction
explain why igneous rocks andmetamorphic rocks are not found as bedrock in ohio
???
would it be cost effective to build large structures in ohio using either marble or granite?
no because marble and granite are both metamorphic. Most of the rock in ohio is sedimentary so it is more cost efficient to use nearby resources
permeability (fine sand, gravel, clay) ranking
gravel, sand, clay
