Water-Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

which of these conditions may lead to systemic edema?

a. right ventricular failure
b. hepatic failure
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. impaired lymphatic drainage
e. inflammation

(NEW TEST)

Answer 1

a. right ventricular failure
b. hepatic failure
c. nephrotic syndrome

Question 2

the action of antidiuretic hormone:

a. increases Na reabsorption and K excretion
b. decreases Na reabsorption in the kidneys
c. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys
d. increases water excretion

(OLD TEST)

Answer 2

c. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 3

normally, most of the water from the body is excreted by:
(1 answer)
a. respiration
b. perspiration
c. urination
d. equally through all these systems 

(OLD TEST)

Answer 3

c. urination

Question 4

what part of the total body water is in the intracellular fluid?

a. 1/3
b. 2/3
c. 1/2
d. 1/4

(OLD TEST)

Answer 4

b. 2/3

Question 5

fluid and mineral balance is regulated by:

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. thyroxin
c. histamine
d. aldosterone
e. atrial natriuretic peptide

(OLD TEST)

Answer 5

a. antidiuretic hormone
d. aldosterone
e. atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 6

brain edema may be caused by:

a. rapid onset of hyponatremia
b. rapid onset of hypernatremia
c. rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia
d. rapid correction of chronic hypernatremia

(OLD TEST)

Answer 6

a. rapid onset of hyponatremia

d. rapid correction of chronic hypernatremia

Question 7

causes of isoosmotic (isotonic) hyperhydration:

a. massive intake of sea water
b. chronic kidney failure
c. infusion of isoosmal fluids
d. increased ADH secretion

(OLD TEST)

Answer 7

b. chronic kidney failure

c. infusion of isoosmal fluids

Question 8

what are the causes of hyponatremia?

a. substitution of fluid loss by pure water
b. addison´s disease
c. diabetes insipidus
d. primary hyperaldosteronism
e. kidney disease (inability to retain Na)

(OLD TEST)

Answer 8

a. substitution of fluid loss by pure water
b. addison´s disease
e. kidney disease (inability to retain Na)

Question 9

the effect of oncotic pressure on water retention is most significant in:

a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
d. equal in all types of vessels

(OLD TEST)

Answer 9

c. capillaries

Question 10

why do edemas develop during starvation?

a. because of hypoproteinemia and decreased oncotic pressure of plasma.
b. because of hyperproteinemia and increased oncotic pressure of plasma.
c. because of hypoproteinemia and increased oncotic pressure of plasma.
d. because of hyperproteinemia and decreased oncotic pressure of plasma.

(NEW TEST)

Answer 10

a. because of hypoproteinemia and decreased oncotic pressure of plasma.

Question 11

what is edema?

a. movement of fluid from blood vessels to cells.
b. movement of fluid from blood vessels and from cells to intercellular spaces.
c. movement of fluid from blood vessels to intercellular spaces.
d. movement of fluid from cells to intercellular spaces.

(NEW TEST)

Answer 11

c. movement of fluid from blood vessels to intercellular spaces.

Question 12

what is typical for hypotonic hyperhydration?

a. water is moving out of the cells.
b. damage to central nervous system.
c. water is moving into the cells.
d. osmotic pressure of intercellular fluid is decreased.

(NEW TEST)

Answer 12

b. damage to central nervous system.
c. water is moving into the cells.
d. osmotic pressure of intercellular fluid is decreased.

Question 13

the effects of antidiuretic hormone:
(only one answer)
a. increases Na reabsorption and K excretion
b. decreases Na reabsorption in the kidneys
c. increases water excretion
d. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

(NEW TEST)

Answer 13

d. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 14

these hormones regulate fluid and electrolyte balance:

a. aldosterone
b. histamine
c. vasopressin
d. atrial natriuretic hormone
e. glucagon
f. antidiuretic hormone
g. thyroxine

(NEW TEST)

Answer 14

a. aldosterone
c. vasopressin
d. atrial natriuretic hormone
f. antidiuretic hormone

Question 15

causes of development of edemas during inflammation of kidneys are the following:

a. inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
b. increase in aldosterone secretion.
c. activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
d. increased excretion of sodium.
e. retention of sodium in the body.
f. decrease in aldosterone secretion.

(OLD TEST)

Answer 15

b. increase in aldosterone secretion.
c. activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
e. retention of sodium in the body.

Question 16

the exchange of water between intra- and extravascular compartments caused by oncotic pressure occurs in:

a. arteries
b. veins
c. equal in all types of vessels
d. capillaries

(NEW TEST)

Answer 16

d. capillaries

Question 17

what are the causes of isotonic dehydration?

a. profuse sweating
b. burns
c. diarrhea
d. extensive non-osmotic diuretic use
e. vomiting
f. hemorrhage

(NEW TEST)

Answer 17

b. burns
c. diarrhea
d. extensive non-osmotic diuretic use
e. vomiting

Question 18

what are the consequences of hyperkalemia?

a. changes in the ECG (pronounced T wave)
b. bradycardia
c. muscle weakness
d. tetany
e. alkalosis

(NEW TEST)

Answer 18

a. changes in the ECG (pronounced T wave)
b. bradycardia
c. muscle weakness
e. alkalosis