Water deprivation/Sodium ion

Question 1

When does water deprivation become a problem for swine?

Answer 1

Overcrowding
Non functional water system
Pigs in a new enclosure that don't know where the water is
Water freezing
Unpalatable water (medicated)

Question 2

In what situations might a pig ingest increased sodium?

Answer 2

Salt licks

Feeding brine, whey, or garbage

Question 3

T/F: Salt has an irritant effect on MM

Answer 3

TRUE

mild irritant
Too much can cause emesis

Question 4

At what dose in feed dose sodium chloride become toxic?

Answer 4

0.5 - 1%

Question 5

Animals can tolerate more than ___% salt in feed if they have FREE access to water

Answer 5

10%

Question 6

What animals are most susceptible to water dep/sodium toxicosis?

Answer 6

Pigs
cattle
poultry

Question 7

How does sodium enter the brain after absorption?

Answer 7

Passive diffusion - then it is REMOVED by active transport

Question 8

What occurs in the brain of an animal with excessive sodium intake/water dep.?

Answer 8

• when Na levels in the plasma increase to 150-190 mEq/L –> it will move into the cerebrospinal fluid passively due to the concentration gradient (CSF Na - 145-185 mEg/L - above normal)
• High Na in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis –> results in NO energy to be used for the active transport to remove sodium
• Na is trapped in CSF —> pulls water towards it = cerebral edema

Question 9

What clinical signs are noted in animals with water dep/Na toxicosis?

Answer 9

Constipation and thirst
Vomiting, PU, metabolic acidosis
Intermittent convulsive sz

• Sz last only 30sec - 3min - will be interrupted by other signs
  progressing: circling/pivoting/head pressing, blindness/deafness, inability to eat or drink

Question 10

T/F: Seizures caused by water dep/Na toxicosis can be elicited by external stimuli

Answer 10

FALSE

Question 11

What clinical signs will be seen in poultry with water dep/Na toxicosis?

Answer 11

Depression, ascites, collapse

Question 12

What lesions are associtated with water dep/Na tosicosis?

Answer 12

Gastric congestion/inflammation with pinpoint ulcers, fluid in body cavities and organ edema, cerebral edema

**HISTO: eosinophilic menigoencephalitis - eosinophilic peri vascular cuffing = pathopneumonic in pigs only if the animal dies early (within 24 hours)

Question 13

T/F: Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing will be noted on brain histo of a cow that died of water dep/Na toxicosis

Answer 13

FALSE

*pigs only - within 24 hours

Question 14

Diagnostic values of sodium = Serum and CSF or ocular fluid with sodium concentrations of ___ mEg/L or more

Answer 14

160

*brain sodium concentrations above 2000 ppm support diagnosis

Can also test Na in feed

Dx: with history, signs, lesions, lab results

Question 15

Diseases with ___ signs will be DDX for water dep/Na toxicosis

Answer 15

CNS signs

Ex: heatstroke, trauma, brain tumor, insecticides, Roxarsone (organic arsenic), Pseudorabies etc

Question 16

T/F: In order to treat water dep/Na toxicosis - getting water into the patient ASAP is the most important tx

Answer 16

FALSE

If the patient is hydrated too quickly, cerebral edema will become worse

giving small amounts of fresh water gradually over 2-3 days is rec. if the animal is able to drink

Question 17

What is the prognosis for water dep/Na toxicosis?

Answer 17

Generally poor - patients will severe brain damage will die no matter what tx

mortality is about 50%

Question 18

What drug class may include sodium? These could be added to feed or water

Answer 18

Sulfonamides

Question 19

How long does water deprivation take?

Answer 19

Only a few hours

Question 20

What signs may be noted in patients a few days prior to neurological signs of water dep/Na toxicosis?

Answer 20

constipation and thirst

usually farmers will not catch this - so Seizure activity is often the first CS reported

Question 21

T/F: Clinical signs noted within a herd of pigs with water dep/Na toxicosis will be the same throughout all the animals

Answer 21

False - this will occur at different rates in each animal - so they will be at different stages of the disease