Industrial Toxins Flashcards
Which is more lethal - sweet crude oil or sour crude oil?
Sweet crude oil (gasoline - low temperature distillates) - 48ml/kg = minimal lethal dose based on death caused by aspiration pneumonia over a week
Sour crude oil (lubricating oil - high temperature distillates) - 74 ml/kg = minimal lethal dose based on death caused by aspiration pneumonia over a week
Refined petroleum products can be classified by their carbons; what are the different categories?
- aliphatic hydrocarbons: Short chain aliphatics (less than 5 carbons) = methan, ethane, propane
* long chain aliphatics (5 or more carbons) = gasoline, kerosene, mineral oil etc - Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (dry cleaning and degreasing solutions)
- Aromatic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (paints, glues, resins)
What is the MOA of industrial petroleum?
Highly irritating to the skin and mm
Many petroleum products contain toxic materials
Some oils may contain chlorinated napthalenes - can chronically cause hyperkeratosis
T/F: Short chain aliphatics have a high toxicity and are very volatile
FALSE
short chain = low toxicity and very volatile
T/F: Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia
TRUE
gasoline, kerosene, petroleum distillates
T/F: Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon toxicity will affect CNS
TRUE
What petroleum products can cause bone marrow suppression?
Aromatic hydrocarbons at 60 ppm in air following chronic exposure
What species are the most susceptible to crude petroleum substances?
Cattle
but other animals can be affected - dogs, cats, horses
Small animals are most frequently poisoned with what kind of petroleum products?
Refined petroleum products
What is the most common exposure terrestrial, aquatic wildlife, and birds have to petroleum products?
Oil spills
What is the relationship between the boiling points of petroleum and their toxicity?
Low BP = more volatility = more toxic because there is more absorption - especially through inhalation
High BP = low volatility - compounds such as asphalt, mineral oil, or waxes - generally less toxic bc of poor absorption
**low BP = low viscosity = low surface tension - generally have more pneumotoxic effects
What petroleum products tend to have more pneumotoxic effects?
Ones with low boiling points - they will impair respiration
What is the relationship between absorption of petroleum products and their molecular weight?
Lower molecular weight = more absorption
*readily absorbed from the GI mucosa, through skin, and inhalation
T/F: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are less readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons
FALSE
reverse
The main pathology seen with petroleum poisoning is…?
aspiration pneumonia or chemical pneumonitis
then secondary bacterial infection
death due to hypoxia
what are the main effects of petroleum in the GIT?
Direct irritation of the GI mucosa will cause vomiting, colic, and dhr
What systemic effects can be seen due to petroleum poisoning?
Main systemic toxic effect is CNS depression
liver and kidney damage
bone marrow suppression
cardiac arrhythmias and arrest
through what process(s) in the liver are aliphatic and PAH metabolized?
oxidation and hydroxylation
How are PAH excreted in urine, bile, and or feces?
as conjugates with glucuronic or sulfuric acids or glycine in urine or bile
Volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons are partly metabolized and excreted through the _____
LUNGS
What do petroleum products do to cells of the lungs?
Direct contact causes rapid dissolution of the lipid part of the cell
membranes resulting in swelling, inflammation, pulmonary edema,
bronchoconstriction and necrosis
T/F: Oily substances aspirated into the lungs can be removed via coughing
FALSE
signs of petroleum poisoning include…?
Signs of aspiration pneumonia
Smell or oil or kerosene etc
oil in the feces
What diagnostic test may help dx petroleum toxicity?
Radiography will show typical signs of aspiration pneumonia within hours of ingestion
What treatment can be done for petroleum ingestion?
activated charcoal or mineral oil
decontamination of exterior
supportive care
T/F: Emetics, gastric lavage, and glucocorticoids are beneficial to patients that have been exposed to petroleum products
FALSE
these are all contraindicated
What is the prognosis of petroleum poisoning?
Depends on the severity
Prognosis is guarded to poor in severe cases due to persistence of oil in the lungs
What is the MOA of non industrial fluoride?
Fluoride binds to tooth enamel by replacing the hydroxyl molecule and makes the tooth more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria and sugars
T/F: Non industrial fluorides are very toxic to pets
false
although this is sometimes debated
What are the industrial fluoride products animals may be exposed to?
Sodium fluoride (highly toxic) Sodium fluorosilicate (highly toxic) Sodium fluoroaluminate (Cryolite) Hydrofluoric acid
Forages and pastures can be contaminated from industry or aiborne contamination of which industrial fluoride?
Cryolite aka sodium fluoroaluminate
used as a pesticide
T/F: Fluoride is a normal constituent of forages
TRUE
grazing plants grown in fluoride rich soil
Hebaceous parts of plants accumulate large amounts
What mineral does fluoride have a strong affinity for?
Calcium
Is acute or chronic fluoride toxicosis more common?
Chronic
especially seen in cattle
T/F: Soluble sodium fluoride is more toxic than calcium fluoride
TRUE
What age animals are more sensitive to fluoride toxicity? Why?
Young animals since they have developing bones and teeth
Soluble flourides are readily absorbed from the _________ and distributed throughout the body
intestinal tract
Where is fluoride stored in the body?
In the bones and teeth
Normal level in cattle bone is 1000-1500 ppm
Tissue level will be elevated about 2-3x in toxicosis
What is the mode of excretion of fluoride?
urine
What is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?
(this is less common) there is a caustic effect on the GI mucosa- which will enhance absorption
*hypocalcemia, Inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes and cellular respiration –> HYPOXIA
what is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxicosis?
Alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth and production of abnormal bone
causing intermittent lameness, bony protrusions (exostoses), osteoporosis, loss of dentine, patchy brown color to teeth, amorexia, emaciation, rough haircoat, reduced milk production and reproduction
What levels of fluoride in the bone will be significant? What other levels will confirm recent fluoride exposure?
greater than 1500 ppm in the bone
levels in the urine - 15-20 ppm
How can you treat fluoride toxicosis?
Best thing to do is balance the diet with increased intake of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D
