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Physical Geography > Water Cycles > Flashcards

Water Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline the 4 global freshwater storages and how much they store (in %)

A

Lakes = 20.9%
Ground Ice & Permafrost = 69%
Living things = 0.26%
Rivers = 0.44%

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2
Q

Outline the 4 major physical systems of the Water Cycle`

A

1.Lithosphere (land)
2.Hydrosphere (water)
3. Cryosphere (frozen water - snow & ice)
4. Atmosphere (air)

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3
Q

Outline the water type % for the global water cycle

A

Saline water = 97.4%
Fresh water = 2.5%

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4
Q

Outline the coverage, and storage of Oceanic water.

A

72% surface coverage
97% water storage
5% explored

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5
Q

Outline how Carbon has changed the pH in Oceanic water and why

A

250 years ago - 8.25
Now: Saline, alkaline water of pH 8.14
Increase of atmospheric C

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6
Q

Outline how Sea Ice forms and why it doesn’t raise sea levels when it melts

A

Oceans r cooled to below freezing temperatures
From oceanic water so doesn’t raise

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7
Q

Outline how Ice Shelves form and their impact on the ocean

A

Ice sheets/glaciers drift into oceans (mostly in Antarctica & Greenland)
Raise sea lvl only when they drift out to sea not melting

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8
Q

Outline what Ice Sheets are and how they form

A

Glacial ice > 50,000 km^2
Layers of snow pile up 1000s of yrs -> grow thicker old layers compress

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9
Q

Outline the storage of freshwater in Ice Sheets and why they constantly move

A

Greenland & Antarctica store >99%
Slowly flowing under their own weight

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10
Q

Define Ice Caps and where they form

A

Thick ice layers <50,000km^2
Form in the highest Mountainous areas and r dome shaped

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11
Q

Define Alpines and how they form

A

Thick ice masses in deep valleys/upland hollows
Fed by ice caps

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12
Q

Outline the importance of the 15,000 Alpine Glaciers in the Himalayas

A

Reservoir supporting rivers (Indus/Ganges)
Supports mils in South Asia

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13
Q

Outline how Permafrost and Subsea permafrost forms

A

Permafrost:
Ground at/below 0 C
Formed during cold glacial periods

Subsea:
Close to 0 C Arctic continental shelf

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14
Q

Outline the impact of melting Permafrost

A

Releases CO2&CH4 - climate change

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15
Q

Outline the impact of rivers on the water cycle

A

Store & transfer H2O
Transfer from ground, soil & atmosphere

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16
Q

Outline how Lakes form

A

Ground hollow >2ha
Fresh - N hemisphere Caspian Sphere

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17
Q

Outline how Wetlands form

A

Marsh, fen, peatland, water. Static water dominated by veg
Found in Polar area

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18
Q

Outline how groundwater forms and their storage

A

H2O collects in pore spaces of rock
>30% freshwater

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19
Q

Outline Aquifers and how they form

A

Underground reservoirs
Form in porous, permeable rock (chalk)

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20
Q

Outline the H2O table

A

Upper lvl of saturated rock

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21
Q

Outline how the H2O table rises & falls

A

Response to groundwater flow, H2O abstraction or recharge

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22
Q

Outline the difference of Porous/Sandy soils & Clay soils

A

Porous = hi storage low transfer
Clay = low storage hi transfer

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23
Q

Outline how Water Vapour causes + feedback

A

Absorbs/reflects/scatters solar radiation
Small increase in H2O = Increase of atmosphere temp

24
Q

Define groundwater flow

A

Slow H2O move thru underlying rock

25
Q

Define Thrufall

A

H2O falls thru veg canopy to floor

26
Q

Define Stemflow

A

Intercepted H2O flows down to ground on stems

27
Q

Define Percolation

A

H2O moves down in rock under soil

28
Q

Define Interception storage

A

H20 falls on veg/man-made surface
Stored temporarily/evaporated
(lowers floods)

29
Q

Define Drainage basin

A

Land drained by river & tributaries (surface, soil & near surface)

30
Q

Define Infiltration

A

H2O moves down surface -> soil

31
Q

Define Thruflow

A

H2O movement downslope thru subsoil (effective with underlying permeable rock)

32
Q

Define runoff

A

All H2O that enters a river channel & out of basin

33
Q

Define Overland Flow

A

Infiltration capacity surpassed -> water flow across land

34
Q

Define Saturated

A

H2O store @ max capacity

35
Q

Define H2O Balance

A

Balance of inputs & outputs in a drainage basin

36
Q

Define Transpiration

A

Loss of H2O from veg thru pores on surfaces

37
Q

Define Evapotranspiration

A

Total output of H2O in drainage basin into atmosphere

38
Q

Outline the features of a Flood Hydrograph

A

Lag time
Rising Limb
Peak Discharge
Falling Limb
Base Flow

39
Q

Define Discharge & the equation

A

Vol of H2O flows river per second
Discharge (m^3/s)=cross section area (m^2) X velocity (m/s)

40
Q

Define Lag Time

A

Delay between peak rainfall & peak discharge (rain to reach river)

41
Q

Define Rising Limb

A

Part of graph up to peak discharge

42
Q

Define Falling Limb

A

Graph after peak discharge (less water flowing into river)

43
Q

Define Base Flow

A

Start & finish lvl of river

44
Q

Define Peak Discharge

A

Highest flow in channel

45
Q

Define the features of a ‘Flash’ Hydrograph

A

Short lag time & high peak

46
Q

Define the opposite of a ‘Flash’ hydrograph

A

Long lag time & low peak

47
Q

Outline the features that cause a ‘Flash’ hydrograph (7 factors)

A

Small basin size
High drainage density
Impermeable
Urbanisation
Steep slopes
Saturated
Heavy Rain

48
Q

Outline the features that cause the opposite of a ‘Flash’ Hydrograph to form

A

Large basin
Low density
Permeable
Forests
Gentle Slopes
Dry soil absorbs
Light rain

49
Q

Outline Drainage Basin traits that affect hydrographs

A
  1. Big drainage basin = more rain & hi peak discharge
    Small = opposite impact
  2. Steep-sided = short lag time
  3. Circular = short lag time even distance from watershed so more H2O
50
Q

Outline how rock types affect Hydrographs

A

Impermeable rock -> low infiltration & hi surface runoff = short lag & hi dis

51
Q

Outline how Soil Type affects Hydrographs

A

Clay soil = low infiltration ->short lag, hi dis

52
Q

Outline how Veg affects hydrographs

A

Hi veg density -> more infiltration = long lag, low discharge

53
Q

Outline how Precipitation affects Hydrographs (2 ways)

A

Intense storms & hi rain = HI PEAK
Type of precipitation (winter storm = long lag time-must melt in heat)

54
Q

Outline how Temperature affects Hydrographs (2 ways)

A

Hot, dry weather= short lag & HI peak
High temp -> hi evapotranspiration = low peak

55
Q

Outline how Human Factors affect Hydrographs

A

Urbanisation -> hi surface runoff = short lag & hi peak
Drainage Systems -> H2O into river no evap/infiltr = short lag & Hi peak

56
Q

Outline how Deforestation affects Hydrographs

A

Low interception/evaporation/infiltration = hi peak & flood risk

Physical Geography (8 decks)

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