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Geography > Water Cycle > Flashcards

Water Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Define system

A

Something that is made of different components that work together in a interconnected way to perform some function

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2
Q

What is a closed system

A

Only energy can pass in and out

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3
Q

Store

A

Places where water is held

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4
Q

Flow

A

Process that moves water from one store to another

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5
Q

Flux

A

Flow with a known quantity of water

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6
Q

Largest stores of water

A

1)oceans
2) glaciers
3) ground water

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7
Q

What are residency times

A

The average amount of time a water molecule will stay in a store.
Longest residency times =Ice caps
Shortest residency times =biospheric water

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8
Q

Drainage basin

A

Looks at a hydrological system at a smaller scale.Classed as an open system

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9
Q

Watershed

A

Boundary of a drainage basin

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10
Q

Factors affecting drainage basins

A

C=climate
S=size
R=relief
V=vegetation
G=Geology
H=humans

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11
Q

Pro graphic rainfall

A

Caused by the relief of the land forcing the water vapour to rise and cool

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12
Q

Conventional rainfall

A

Caused by the heating of the earth’s surface leading to more buoyant parcels of humid air rising

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13
Q

Frontal rainfall

A

Caused by Warner air masses rising above denser, colder air masses

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14
Q

How do humans distrust a drainage basin

A

Farming
Deforestation
Dams (eg Aswan dam)
Agriculture
Hydroelectric power

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15
Q

Impacts of deforestation on the hydrological system

A

1) reducer tree cover increase surface run off leading to more flood prone rivers
2)less interception meaning less water goes back up ( results in dry climate)
3)degrades soils -degraded soil can’t hold water

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16
Q

Positive feedback mechanism for deforestation

A

-Trees are cleared
-less interception and evapotranspiration
-less rain falls
- trees are stressed and begin to die
-increase forest fires because it’s drier

17
Q

What does a river regime show

A

Shows river flow over a period of one year

18
Q

Two types of river regime and the differences between them

A

Simple -shows high and low flow representing the climate

Complex -bigger scale with multiple climate zone not just high and low flow time of the year

19
Q

What does a water budget show

A

Mean monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration

20
Q

What are sustainable drainage systems , give examples

A
  • collection of water management strategies
    -green roof tops : vegetation cover planted which provides a waterproof membrane
    -detention basins : delay storm run off for a few hours
    -permeable pavements : delay run off by using gaps between pavements slabs
21
Q

Factors influencing shape of a hydrograph

A

-relief(steep gradient)
-impermeable rock
- vegetation
-urbanisation
-Basin shape (circular or longer )

22
Q

Two types of a hydrographi

A

Flashy
Flat

23
Q

Factors influencing a flashy hydrograph

A

-high peak discharge/ short lag time
- heavy rainfall (orographic/ conventional )
-Impermeable rock
-impermeable soils
-circular basin shape
-no vegetation
-steep gradient
-pre existing water in the soil
- human activity

24
Q

Factors influencing a flat hydrograph

A

-low peak discharge/long lag time
-frontall rainfall
-permeable rock
- permeable soils
-Flat gradient
-Longer basin shape
-vegetation
-no pre existing water in the soil
-less human activity

25
Q

What is PDSI

A

Palmer Drought severity index

26
Q

What measurements can be taken to monitor and record droughts

A

-amount of rainfall
-soil moisture
-river flow
-demand
-extraction rates
-temperatures
-soil moisture

27
Q

4 types of droughts

A

1) meteological
2)hydrological
3) Agricultural
4) famine

28
Q

Meteorological drought

A

Defined by shortfalls in precipitation.Becoming more common as recent trends are of decreased rainfall totals and decreased duration and predictability of the rainy season

29
Q

Hydrological drought

A

Associated with reduced stream flow and groundwater levels due to decrease In precipitation but high rates of evaporation. Reduces storage in lakes and reservoirs often marked right poorer water quality and salinisation

30
Q

Agricultural drought

A

Rainfall deficiency from meteorogical drought leads to deficiency of soil moisture and soil water availability which has knock on effect on plant growth and reduces biomass

31
Q

Famine droughts

A

Humanitarian crisis in which the widespread failure of agricultural systems leads to food shortages and famines with severe social, economic and environmental impacts

32
Q

What causes droughts

A

Physical :
Location
Climate change
Continentality
Heatwaves
Late monsoon seasons
El Niño / La Niña
Human:
High demand
Deforestation
Pollution
Climate change
Soil degradation

Geography (5 decks)

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