Tectonics Flashcards
Why not all tectonic activity is hazardous?
- low magnitude earthquakes
-volcanic eruptions vary in terms of their explosivity due to location and lava type - good building design limits collapses
- lack of population to be affected
-high frequency of events allows people to prepare and respond avoiding death and minimising damage
-accurate prediction allows efficient evacuation
PAR model
Shows a clear link between level of economic development in the root causes, leading to a progression of vulnerability,which then factors into hazard risk
How can hazard profiles aid effective management
-magnitude: most import factor in determining the success of modifying the event management strategies as most approaches cannot cope with Mega earthquake
-areal extent:vital factor as it determines the number of people affected but also the larger the are the more difficult it is for the existing emergency services to reduce loss of the earthquake event
-frequency:key factors in determining success of management as the more frequent the earthquake the more Likely the community is to be educated and aware of the hazard threat. Equally, low frequency can reduce the awareness of the hazard risk
- economic development:vital factor as it determines whether area can afford to implement all 3 types of strategies
Level of economic development
It refers to the broad socioeconomic status of a country: whether they recognise the hazard and have sufficient financial status to implement changes on national or local scales
Governance
The ability of an organisation/ group of people to plan or manage hazard events effectively.
Eg national government might finance emergency care, mandate education strategies or establish building regulations .
Local government night organise evacuation strategies.
Global governance might coordinate a tsunami warning system
What does level of economic development affect?
- available capital
-availability of resources
-level of expertise and specialist equipment
-quality of building design - quality of community preparedness -drills,education programmes
-likelihood of insurance coverage - reliance on international assistance
What does governance relates to
- ability to manage hazards
- strength of regulations on building design
-levels of corruption, so resource/capital availability
-organisation of drills and evaluation strategies
What does the disaster risk- poverty nexus model seeks to establish
-poverty is both a cause and consequence of disaster impacts
-that repaired occurrence helps to sustain and maintain poverty in a region
Global interdependence
Relates to how interconnected places are
Japan 2011 case study
- caused by the 9 magnitude earthquake that was caused by the build up in strain energy as the pacific plate sub-ducted under the Eurasian plate
- deaths, injuries,missing people, destroyed buildings
- repairing the motorway, better and improved warning and monitoring systems where put in place
-countries sent rescue teams, displacing people
Sumatra tsunami case study
-earthquake caused the tsunami
-killed people in 14 different countries,people made homeless,destroyed houses,caused diseases such as cholera
-took months to clean the debris, tsunami early warning systems put in place
Prediction
Knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike on a spatial and temporal scale that can be acted on meaningfully
Forecasting
Less precise and provides percentage chances of hazards occurring in a particular place
Hazard management cycle
It consists of the steps that emergency managers take in planning for and responding to disasters
-preparedness strategies:focus on ensuring that emergency services and people at risk are aware of how to react during an event.Following the event the response section of the hazard cycle is focused on the immediate needs of the population eg such as protection of life and property.This includes emergency medical response,evacuation and transportation,decontamination and the provision of food, water and shelter
-recovery is equivalent to long term responses and is where the city authorities focus on clean up and rebuilding
-mitigation involves authorities looking at the impacts of the hazard and rebuilding in a better way to reduce similar impacts from a future hazard
Park model
Stage 1: occurs prior to the event and shows that quality of life is at its normal equilibrium level
Stage 2:where the hazard occurs and again at this point quality of life is normal
Stage 3: where the event has happened and search and rescue is underway. Quality of life drops at this stage and is low for several hours up to servals days depending on the severity of the hazard and the level of development of the country
Stage 4:where relief strategies are underway and there is an organised programme of help. Quality of life improves at this time
Stage 5: refers to long term human response such as rebuilding and restoring normality. Quality of life returns to normal and In some cases can be higher than it was originally
Mitigation
Is using technology to remove the cause
Adaptation
Working around the effect of a hazard
Modify the loss
- emergency aid
