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Geography Unit 3 > Water Conflicts > Flashcards

Water Conflicts Flashcards

Relating to Edexcel A Level Geography, Unit 3, Water Conflicts

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1
Q

What is meant by a closed system?

A

Nothing enters or leaves

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2
Q

What is blue water flow?

A

The visible part of the system- water running on the surface, underground, this water is potentially available and recyclable

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3
Q

What is green water flow?

A

Evaporation and transpiration contributing to form output from drainage basin

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4
Q

How does the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) control rainfall in the tropics?

A

Convection current that moves North in June bringing rain to Northern Africa, then South in December, bringing rain to Southern Africa, at the equator in April and October, also controls the monsoon climate

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5
Q

What is the Hadley Cell and where is it located?

A

Rising of warm water at the equator, creating area of low pressure bringing rainfall, air cools and falls at the tropics, creating an area of high pressure and sunny, clear conditions

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6
Q

How does geology affect drainage density? (permeable vs impermeable)

A

Impermeable e.g. granite- more surface water and higher drainage density, permeable e.g. chalk- more water in underground aquifers, lower drainage density

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7
Q

What controls rainfall in India?

A

Monsoon climate- little rainfall from December-May, then heavy rainfall

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8
Q

Which 3 rivers feed the water supply in India thanks to Himalayan snowmelt in summer?

A

Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra

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9
Q

What is relief rainfall?

A

Warm air forced up by mountains, cools and causes rainfall, air cools and falls on the other side of the mountains producing a rain shadow and desert conditions e.g. Sierra Nevada mountains and Navajo desert, California

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10
Q

What fraction of California’s water supply comes from groundwater sources (aquifers)?

A

About 1/3

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11
Q

What are the main two rivers that flow through California?

A

Sacramento River and San Joaquin River

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12
Q

Describe La Niña

A

Normal year exaggerated- stronger trade winds blowing East to West, warm water pushed West, allowing a cool upwelling of water that brings nutrients, West experiences rainfall and East experiences dry conditions

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13
Q

Describe El Niño

A

Weaker than usual trade winds (or in extreme cases reversed trade winds), no upwelling of cold water as warm water stays on top, West experiences dry conditions or drought, East experiences rainfall or flooding

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14
Q

What are the main issues with dams that trap sediment? (3)

A

Reduces flood plain fertility, reduces flow of nutrients from river to sea and damages coastal fish stocks

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15
Q

Which river is the Three Gorges Dam located on?

A

Yangtze River, China

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16
Q

What are the main aims of the Three Gorges Dam?

A

Control flooding, improve transport on the river, provide 1/20th of power supply (HEP)

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17
Q

How many people were forced to move because of the Three Gorges Dam?

A

Over 1 million

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18
Q

Define water insecurity

A

Not having access to sufficient and safe water

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19
Q

What 5 parameters does the Water Poverty Index use and what are each scored out of?

A

Resources, access, capacity, use, environment

Scored out of 20 (total of 100)

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20
Q

Ethiopia has a WPI score of 45, whereas Canada has 78- why is this?

A

More resources available in Canada, high agricultural use in Ethiopia, higher GNI in Canada, higher population in Ethiopia

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21
Q

What is grey water?

A

Polluted water

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22
Q

What is the water footprint?

A

Indicates how much water is required by customers, not just local (i.e. if they buy crops that have been irrigated, this contributes)

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23
Q

What can over-abstraction lead to?

A

Salinization and salt water incursion

24
Q

How can land use changes affected water supply?

A

Urbanisation- increases surface run-off and decreases infiltration, deforestation- reduces interception

25
Q

What percentage of freshwater is easily available for human use?

A

1%

26
Q

Which Indonesian river is heavily polluted by human activities and industry?

A

Citarum River

27
Q

How many square miles of the Citarum River are contaminated and with what chemicals?

A

5,020 square miles

Lead, mercury, arsenic and other toxins

28
Q

When did the Asian Development Bank approve a loan for cleaning up the Citarum River, and how much was this loan for?

A

December 2008

$500 million

29
Q

In the UK, how many litres of sewage do we add to our rivers daily?

A

1,400 million litres a day

30
Q

How can fertiliser run-off pollute rivers (what are the consequences)?

A

Adds nutrients to the river, increasing the growth of algae, which can cause eutrophication (algal blooms)

31
Q

How many rivers or aquifers cross/ form political boundaries?

A

263

32
Q

What is the main issue between Turkey, Syria and Iraq concerning water?

A

GAP project provides development opportunity for Turkey, but involves damming the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which provide water to Syria and Iraq

33
Q

What is the cause of conflict between China and India?

A

The Brahmaputra could be diverted to South China to ease drought, but this would reduce the Indian supply

34
Q

What agreement allocated water rights between American states in the Colorado River basin?

A

Colorado Compact 1922

35
Q

What did the ‘Law of the River’ in the 1920s do concerning US States?

A

Divided the Colorado River up into upper and lower basin states, upper basin states have a responsibility to supply lower basin states

36
Q

What 7 US states have a claim to the Colorado River (the basin lies within their boundaries)?

A

Wyoming, Colroado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California

37
Q

What is the population of California?

A

Heading to 40 million people

38
Q

How much does recycled water cost in California?

A

$500-800

39
Q

What area is a key example when considering water privatisation?

A

Cochabamba, Bolivia

40
Q

When was the water supply in Cochabamba privatised?

A

November 1999

41
Q

What were the 2 main consequences of the water privatisation in Cochabamba, Bolivia?

A

Price increased by 35% by January 2000, frequent riots which caused deaths and injuries

42
Q

What is the main concern about water privatisation?

A

Owned by a private company who have monopolistic rights, able to control price with few restrictions

43
Q

What percentage of the population live in the Middle East and what percentage of freshwater is there?

A

5% of population, 1% of freshwater

44
Q

As oil depletes, what is the main cause of concern in the Middle East relating to water?

A

Desalinization cannot be paid for because of lower income, water use could increase as imported food cannot be bought (have to grow their own)

45
Q

How much is the GAP scheme in Turkey projected to cost?

A

$32 billion

46
Q

What are the main aims of the GAP project? (3)

A

Address drought in South Eastern Anatolia, become the ‘breadbasket’ of the Middle East (increase cash crops), socio-economic development (better education, healthcare, more jobs to stop outmigration)

47
Q

How many dams and HEP plants will be built as part of the GAP project?

A

22 dams and 19 HEP plants

48
Q

How much will the SE Anatolia economy grow by thanks to the GAP project?

A

400%

49
Q

What are the 5 concerns about the GAP project?

A

Conflict- Syria and Iraq unhappy as Euphrates and Tigris provide most of the water

Illisu Dam on the Tigris could not initially get funding because of the propsed impact

Would flood nearly 80,000 homes and displace tens of thousands of Kurds

Would cause water bourne diseases and malaria

Rotting fruit and veg would release carbon dioxide and methane

50
Q

What are the 4 concerns about the Illisu Dam, Turkey?

A

Set to drown Hasankeyf (thought to be oldest town in world)

34,000 residents forced to move

Remains of 12th Century bridge and important historical locations lost

Risk of it becoming major waste dump

51
Q

When was the Six Day War?

A

1967

52
Q

Who gained/ lost what after the Six Day War?

A

Israel gained West Bank from Jordan

Israel gained Golan Heights from Syria

Israel gained Gaza Strip from Egypt

53
Q

How much water does the Middle East use a year, and how much does it naturally have?

A

Use 2,200 billion litres a year, naturally have 1,700 billion litres

54
Q

Where does the Middle East get most of its water from? (3)

A

Sea of Galilee (fed by River Jordan and tributaries from Golan Heights)

Mountain Aquifers (mainly West Bank, 80% under Israeli control)

Coastal Aquifer (90% Israeli)

55
Q

What is causing water insecurity between Palestinians and Israelis?

A

Mistrust- construction of dividing wall in West Bank separated Palestinians from water source as it follows Western Mountain Aquifer (giving Israel access to this water)

56
Q

What is the Manavgat project set to do?

A

Ship 50 million cubic metres of water from Turkey each year

57
Q

What is geopolitics?

A

The link between geography, economics and politics

Geography Unit 3 (3 decks)

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