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Geography Unit 3 > Energy Security > Flashcards

Energy Security Flashcards

Relating to Edexcel A Level Geography, Unit 3, Energy Security

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1
Q

Define energy security

A

Having access to a reliable and affordable source of energy

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2
Q

Define energy secure and give an example

A

Having surplus energy e.g. Russia

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3
Q

Define energy insecure and give an example

A

Having an energy deficit e.g. USA

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4
Q

What 4 factors threaten energy security?

A

Fossil fuel reserves starting to run out
Increasing prices
Sources are unevenly distributed
Demand for energy rapidly increasing

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5
Q

For how many years could current oil reserves meet current production levels?

A

40 years

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6
Q

What percentage of the world’s oil does the USA consume?

A

23.8%

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7
Q

How can energy security be improved (8 factors)

A 
Control over supplies
Control over prices
Variety of sources
Political stability
Greater efficiency
Greater self-sufficiency
Decentralization
Short-term stockpiles
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8
Q

When did major blackouts occur in California?

A

2001

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9
Q

How did manipulation of price cause the Californian blackouts?

A

Market was privatised and profit-driven, Enron ensured prices stayed high, used megawatt laundering (obscured origin of electricity to obtain higher price), used overscheduling (reserved more power line usage than required

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10
Q

How did lack of investment in infrastructure cause the Californian blackouts?

A

Power lines and stations expensive, and companies were unwilling to invest

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11
Q

What physical factors contributed to the Californian blackouts?

A

2000 was the 3rd year of drought, and Oregon and Washington (supply HEP) had less surplus to export, the summer was then unusually hot so demand increased due to air-con

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12
Q

How did legislation cause the Californian blackouts?

A

Deregulation in 1996 meant that power plants were bought by out-of-state companies

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13
Q

How did lack of stockpiles cause the Californian blackouts?

A

They had no reserves, so companies were forced to shut off supply to conserve stock

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14
Q

What energy security improvements took place in California? (3)

A

Introduced laws to cut greenhouse gas emission
2007- first low-carbon standard for transport fuels introduced
By 2010 aimed to have 20% of electricity come from renewables

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15
Q

Describe what happened in Fintry with decentralization

A

Fintry Renewable Energy Enterprise wanted to involve community members and increase awareness of energy utilisation, bought community wind turbine, also have fleet of energy efficient transport, bike hire, community garden and orchard

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16
Q

What is the Million Solar Roofs Program?

A

California, provides $3bn to help fund 3,000MW of customer-owned rooftop solar electric generation by 2016

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17
Q

What is the Self-Generation Incentive Program?

A

California, incentive payments to small energy projects

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18
Q

What are the main 2 obstacles in energy generation in California?

A

Emphasis on natural gas and a legacy model of big power (pressure for centralization)

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19
Q

How is the Chinese industry powered?

A

Through coal

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20
Q

What Australian company are investing into renewable energy in China?

A

Roaring Forties- 6 wind farms with around 250 turbines

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21
Q

When do people think China will become the biggest wind energy market?

A

5-8 years

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22
Q

Within 13 years, what percentage of energy in China will be from renewables?

A

16%

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23
Q

How have economic changes in China affected energy insecurity?

A

GDP has doubled in size every 8 years, 2nd largest energy consumer (around 8m barrels a day) and has to import because of its growth (was self-sufficient up to 1993)

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24
Q

How have political changes in China affected energy security?

A

1949- communist Government, economy planned centrally, no private wealth allowed
1986- ‘open-door policy’ developed to overseas investment, largest companies still totally/ partly state-owned

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25
Q

How has rapid urbanization in China affected energy security?

A

Higher energy consumption in cities, rural-urban migration highest recorded, 45 million expected to move to cities by 2012

26
Q

How has increased car ownership in China affected energy security?

A

Increased from 16/1,000 people in 2002 to 267/1,000 people by 2030, uses more oil, by 2010 dependence was to reach 60%

27
Q

What other 5 factors have affected energy security in China?

A 
Reliance on coal
Large oil deposits without investment (remote and geologically difficult)
Low efficiency
Low diversity of sources
Low control over means of supply
28
Q

What 4 consequences of energy insecurity can be seen in China?

A

Have to import more energy
Need to build cleaner coal-fired power stations
Increasing use of HEP
Coal shortages (e.g. 2002)

29
Q

What is geopolitics?

A

The relationship between geography, economics and politics

30
Q

What is an energy pathway?

A

The flow of energy from producer to consumer

31
Q

What happened at the end of the Gulf War in 1991?

A

Iraqi troops retreated from Kuwait, set fire to over 600 oil wells which consumed around 6 million barrels of oil a day

32
Q

What affected oil production in the Gulf of Mexico in 2005?

A

Hurricane Katrina, production levels at 42% of normal level 10 days after

33
Q

How much was the fuel worth that was destroyed after the Buncefield Oil Storage Depot exploded?

A

£10 million

34
Q

How did the 2005 Buncefield eruptions affect Heathrow Airport?

A

Supplied 30% of Heathrow’s fuel, had to ration, some long-haul flights made unscheduled stops- this lasted for weeks

35
Q

What does the ESPO pipeline stand for and where is it?

A

East Siberia-Pacific Oil pipeline, Russia

36
Q

Why was the ESPO pipeline’s route changed in 2005?

A

Logistical, safety and environmental reasons (e.g. Amur leopard risk), re-routed further North because of Lake Baikal

37
Q

What fraction of the world’s gas reserves does Gazprom control?

A

1/3

38
Q

What percentage of the EU’s natural gas is provided by Gazprom?

A

25%

39
Q

What percentage of Russia’s gas exports cross Ukraine?

A

Over 80%

40
Q

Define transit state

A

A country or state through which energy flows on its way from producer to consumer

41
Q

In 2006, how many people did Gazprom employ?

A

432,000

42
Q

What percentage of Gazprom is owned by the government?

A

50.002%

43
Q

Why can’t we rely on Gazprom to provide energy? (5)

A

Too dependent on one source, can be unreliable
Ukraine and Middle East highlighted vulnerability and difficulties of over-dependence
Climate change concerns
Increasing costs
Tension between Russia and West (cut of Ukraine supplies in 2006, 2008 and 2014)

44
Q

How many barrels of oil are there under North Alaska?

A

Nearly 30 billion barrels

45
Q

What is the main cause for concern over exploitation of North Alaska?

A

Fragile environment- could affect starfish, plankton and crabs which are important to the food web

46
Q

Which 8 countries have a claim to the Arctic?

A

USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark

47
Q

What is the most biologically diverse Arctic area?

A

Arctic National Wildlife Refuse (ANWR), Alaska

48
Q

What is the difference between Democrats and Republicans relating to ANWR development?

A

Republicans support development, Democrats oppose plans

49
Q

What percentage of Alaskan residents support Coastal Plain development?

A

75%

50
Q

How would ANWR development affect the Gwich’in tribe?

A

Relied on Porcupine River Caribou Herd for food, clothing and tools, believe it would be a threat to the heart of their people as Coastal Plain is their birthing place and nursing ground, believe it would violate their human rights

51
Q

What are the main issues of tar sands? (4)

A

Creates toxic sludge, produces greenhouse gases, 60km of toxic lakes were created, some of which were kept secret, for every 160 litres, 1 litre escapes

52
Q

How many barrels of oil are there in proven reserves?

A

1.3 trillion barrels (enough for 40 years)

53
Q

By 2040, how low could oil production levels be?

A

15 million barrels per day, 20% of current levels

54
Q

Which 4 areas are the majority of the proven crude oil reserves?

A

Middle East, Venezuela, Canada, Russia

55
Q

What is OPEC?

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, permanent intergovernmental organisation consisting of oil producing/ exporting countries

56
Q

What percentage of oil reserves are under OPEC control?

A

78%

57
Q

What are OPEC’s aims? (3)

A

Protect interests of member countries, stabilise prices, ensure efficient, economic and regular supply of energy

58
Q

What are the main 7 energy players?

A 
Governments
Generators and distributors
Environmentalists
OPEC
R&D scientists
Energy TNCs
Consumers
59
Q

How much money did Koch Industries give to political parties in the USA and what percentage to each?

A

$942,000 total- 14% to Democrats, 86% to Republicans

60
Q

How much is the Russia-Europe energy link worth a day?

A

$100 million a day

61
Q

How many barrels of oil are there in Saudi Arabia?

A

260 billion

Geography Unit 3 (3 decks)

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