Water & Carbon Cycles Flashcards
1
Q
define ‘acidification’
A
the gradual reduction of pH of the oceans, due to dissolving carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
2
Q
define ‘afforestation’
A
planting trees and vegetation in the aim of increasing forest cover
3
Q
define ‘anticyclone’
A
a system of high pressure, causing high temperatures and unseasonably high evaporation rates
4
Q
define ‘aquifer’
A
a permeable or porous rock which stores water
5
Q
define ‘biofuel’
A
burning crops and vegetation for electricity and heat
6
Q
define ‘carbon capture and storage (CCS)’
A
the capture of carbon dioxide emissions directly from the factory, pumped into disused mines rather than being released into the atmosphere
7
Q
define ‘carbon fluxes’
A
the movement of carbon between stores
8
Q
define ‘carbon neutral’
A
a process that has no net addition of carbon dioxide to the environment
9
Q
define ‘carbon stores’
A
places where carbon accumulates for a period of time such as rocks and plant matter
10
Q
define ‘channel flow’
A
water flowing in a rivulet, stream or river
11
Q
define ‘choke points’
A
points in the logistics of energy and fuel that are prone to restriction
12
Q
define ‘combustion’
A
the process of burning a substance, in the presence of oxygen, to release energy
13
Q
define ‘conventional precipitation’
A
solar radiation heats the air above the ground, causing it to rise, cool and condense forming precipitation (often as thunderstorms)
14
Q
define ‘cryosphere’
A
the global water volume locked up within a frozen state (i.e. now and ice)
15
Q
define ‘composition’
A
the break down of matter, often by a decomposer which releases carbon dioxide through their own respiration
16
Q
define ‘depression’
A
a system of low pressure, with fronts of precipitation where low and high pressure air masses meet
17
Q
define ‘desalination plant’
A
the conversion of seawater to freshwater, suitable for human consumption
18
Q
define ‘desublimation’
A
the change of state of water from gas to solid, without being a liquid (the opposite process to sublimation)
19
Q
define ‘drainage basin’
A
the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
20
Q
define ‘drainage density’
A
the total length of all rivers and streams divided by the area of the drainage basin
21
Q
define ‘drought’
A
an extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical average for the region (UN)
22
Q
define ‘economic water scarcity’
A
when water resources are available but insufficient economic wealth limits access to it
23
Q
define ‘energy mix’
A
the composition of a country’s energy sources
24
Q
define ‘energy security’
A
the ownership and full control of a country’s energy source, production and transportation
25
define ‘energy pathway’
the movement of energy from its extraction or source, through pipes, freight logistics or cabling
26
define ‘energy players’
key companies and individuals who own, distribute and sell energy and energy sources
27
define ‘enhanced greenhouse effect’
the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, reducing the amount of solar radiation reflected into space
28
define ‘ENSO cycles’
el niño southern oscillations are a naturally occurring phenomena that involves the movement of warm water in the equatorial pacific
29
define ‘evapotranspiration’
the combined total moisture transferred from the earth to the atmosphere, through evaporation and transpiration
30
define ‘frontal precipitation’
where air masses of different temperatures meet at a front, one mass will be forced over another, causing precipitation beneath the front
31
define ‘global hydrological cycle’
the continuous transfer of water between land, atmosphere and oceans
the earth is a closed system
32
define ‘groundwater flow’
water moving horizontally through permeable or porous rock due to gravity
33
define ‘hydrological drought’
insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of vegetation (crops, trees, plants) at a particular time
34
define ‘infiltration’
the movement of water vertically through the pores in soil
35
define ‘integrated drainage basin management’
establishing a frame of coordinated efforts between administrations (e.g. local government) and stakeholders (e.g. businesses) to achieve balanced management of a basin (World Bank)
36
define ‘inorganic carbon’
carbon stored in carbonated rocks
37
define ‘interception’
raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the ground, instead hitting the leaves of a tree
38
define ‘meteorological drought’
when long-term precipitation trends are below average
39
define ‘monsoon’
the drastic variation between wet and dry seasons for sub-tropical areas, caused by a changed prevailing wind and can lead to annual flooding
40
define ‘non-renewable’
a source of energy that can only be used once to generate electricity or takes thousands of years to replace e.g. fossil fuels
41
define ‘nuclear fusion’
the process of joining atomic nuclei together, to produce energy
42
define ‘OPEC’
oil and petroleum exporting countries
an organisation that supports and coordinates fossil fuel exporting countries
43
define ‘open system’
a system affected by external flows and inputs (such as a drainage basin, or a sediment cell)
44
define ‘organic carbon’
carbon stored in plant material and living organisms
45
define ‘outgassing’
the release of dissolved carbon dioxide (e.g. at plate boundaries, warming the oceans)
46
define ‘percolation’
water moving vertically from soil into permeable rock
47
define ‘photosynthesis’
the process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
all plants and some organisms rely on this process to survive
48
define ‘physical water scarcity’
a physical lack of available freshwater which cannot meet demand
49
define ‘phytoplankton’
small organisms that rely on photosynthesis to survive, so intake carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
50
define ‘primary energy’
the initial source of energy, as it is naturally found
this could be natural ores, water, crops or radioactive material
51
define ‘relief precipitation’
precipitation caused when air masses are forced to rise over high land, determined by the relief/ morphology of the land
52
define ‘renewable’
primary energy that can be re-used to produce electricity or has a short lifetime, therefore any used can be replaced quickly e.g. hydroelectric, biomass, solar
53
define ‘respiration’
the process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and energy
some organisms rely on respiration to survive
54
define ‘river regime’
the pattern of river discharge over a year
55
define ‘runoff’
water flowing over the surface of the ground e.g. after precipitation to survive
56
define ‘salination’
where salt water contaminates freshwater stores or soils, creating saline conditions and reducing human use/ consumption
57
define ‘saltwater encroachment’
the movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers or soils, this may be caused by sea level rise, storm surges or over-extraction
58
define ‘secondary energy’
the product of primary energy, mostly electricity
59
define ‘sequestration’
the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to stores elsewhere - living biosphere, inorganic rocks, etc
60
define ‘smart irrigation’
providing crops with a water supply less than optimal, to make crops resistant to water shortages
61
define ‘storm hydrograph’
variation of river discharge over a short period of time (days)
62
define ‘sublimation’
the change of state of water from solid to a gas, without being a liquid
63
define ‘thermohaline circulation’
the movement of volumes of seawater from cold deep water to warm water surface water
64
define ‘throughflow’
water moving horizontally through the soil, due to gravity
65
define ‘tipping point’
a critical threshold where any changes to a system after the tipping point are irreversible
66
define ‘transpiration’
the process through which water evaporates through the stomata in plants’ leaves
67
define ‘urbanisation’
the growth of populations in towns and cities
68
define ‘water budget’
the annual balance between inputs and outputs within a system
69
define ‘water conservation’
strategies to reduce water usage and demand
70
define ‘water recycling’
the treatment and purification of waste water, to increase supply
71
define ‘water scarcity’
there are limited renewable water sources (between 500 and 1000 cubic metres per capita per year)
72
define ‘water security’
the ability to protect and access a sustainable source to adequately meet demand
73
define ‘water sharing treaty’
international agreements for transboundary sources
74
define ‘water transfer’
hard engineering projects, such as pipelines or aqueducts, that divert water between basins to meet demand
75
define ‘watershed’
the boundary between neighbouring drainage basins
76
What is meant by a "system" in geography?
A system is a set of interrelated components that work together to form a complex whole, where inputs, processes, and outputs are involved.
77
What is an "open system" in the context of the water and carbon cycles?
An open system allows both energy and matter to be exchanged with the surroundings. Both the water and carbon cycles are examples of open systems.
78
What is a "closed system"?
A closed system allows energy to enter and leave, but no matter is exchanged with the surroundings. The Earth’s carbon cycle operates as a closed system at the global scale.
79
What are the main components of the "water cycle system"?
The water cycle consists of stores (atmosphere, oceans, rivers, groundwater, glaciers), flows (precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff), and processes (infiltration, percolation).
80
What are the key components of the "carbon cycle system"?
The carbon cycle involves stores (atmosphere, oceans, biomass, soil, fossil fuels), flows (photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition), and processes (carbon sequestration, carbon flux).
81
What is the "carbon sink"?
A carbon sink is a natural reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases. The oceans and forests are major carbon sinks in the Earth system.
82
What is the role of "photosynthesis" in the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis in plants absorbs CO₂ from the atmosphere and converts it into glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen, acting as a carbon sink.
83
What is the "carbon flux"?
Carbon flux refers to the movement of carbon between different stores, such as from the atmosphere to the oceans or from land plants to the atmosphere via respiration.
84
Define "evapotranspiration" in the water cycle.
Evapotranspiration is the combined process of evaporation (water changing from liquid to vapor) and transpiration (water vapor released by plants), transferring water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.
85
What is the "precipitation" process in the water cycle?
Precipitation is the process where water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to Earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
86
Explain "infiltration" in the water cycle.
Infiltration is the process of water entering the soil surface after precipitation, which can then be stored in the soil or contribute to groundwater recharge.
87
What is "throughflow" in the water cycle?
Throughflow is the lateral movement of water through the soil, typically towards rivers, lakes, or oceans, after infiltrating the soil.
88
Describe the process of "percolation" in the water cycle.
Percolation is the downward movement of water through the soil and rock layers, reaching the groundwater store.
89
What is "runoff" in the water cycle?
Runoff is the flow of water over the Earth's surface after precipitation, which eventually reaches rivers and streams, contributing to the water flow in these bodies of water.
90
Define the term "aquifer."
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock or sediment that stores groundwater, which can be accessed for use through wells.
91
What is "transpiration" in the water cycle?
Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plant leaves into the atmosphere, a key component of evapotranspiration.
92
What is the "longwave radiation" effect on the water cycle?
Longwave radiation, emitted by Earth’s surface, is involved in the processes of evaporation and transpiration by transferring heat energy to the atmosphere, driving the water cycle.
93
What role does the "ocean" play in the water cycle?
Oceans are the largest store of water and contribute to evaporation, which supplies moisture to the atmosphere and drives precipitation.
94
How do "forests" contribute to the carbon cycle?
Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and storing it in biomass (trees and plants) and soil.
95
What is "decomposition" in the carbon cycle?
Decomposition is the breakdown of organic material by microorganisms, which releases carbon back into the atmosphere as CO₂ or into the soil as organic matter.
96
What is "combustion" in the context of the carbon cycle?
Combustion is the process of burning organic material, such as fossil fuels or biomass, releasing CO₂ and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
97
What is "carbon sequestration"?
Carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide is captured and stored, either naturally (by forests or oceans) or artificially (e.g., carbon capture and storage technology).
98
What is the "reservoir" in the carbon cycle?
A reservoir is a store of carbon within the Earth system, such as the atmosphere, oceans, soil, or fossil fuels, where carbon is held for different time periods.
99
What is the "feedback loop" in the context of the water and carbon cycles?
A feedback loop is a process where an initial change in a system triggers further changes, which may amplify (positive feedback) or dampen (negative feedback) the original change.
100
What is the role of the "soil" in both the water and carbon cycles?
Soil acts as both a store and a flow in both cycles, holding water in the water cycle (via infiltration and percolation) and carbon in the carbon cycle (via organic matter decomposition).
101
What are the main stores in the water cycle?
The main stores are:
- Atmosphere
- Oceans
- Rivers and Lakes
- Groundwater
- Ice Caps and Glaciers
102
What is the "hydrological cycle"?
The hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water within the Earth system, involving processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
103
What is meant by "precipitation"?
Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, including rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
104
What is the process of "evaporation" in the water cycle?
Evaporation is the process by which water is transformed from a liquid to a vapor and released into the atmosphere, primarily from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
105
What is "transpiration"?
Transpiration is the process where water is absorbed by plant roots from the soil and released as water vapor through the leaves into the atmosphere.
106
What is "evapotranspiration"?
Evapotranspiration is the combined process of evaporation and transpiration, transferring water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.
107
Define "infiltration" in the water cycle.
Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil after precipitation, where it may be stored or continue to flow downward into groundwater.
108
What is "percolation"?
Percolation is the downward movement of water through the soil and into deeper layers, often reaching groundwater stores.
109
What is "throughflow"?
Throughflow is the lateral movement of water through the soil, often towards rivers and streams after the water has infiltrated.
110
Define "runoff" in the water cycle.
Runoff is the flow of water over the Earth's surface after precipitation, often reaching rivers, lakes, and oceans.
111
What is the role of the "ocean" in the water cycle?
Oceans are the largest store of water and contribute significantly to evaporation, which supplies moisture to the atmosphere and drives precipitation.
112
How does "condensation" occur in the water cycle?
Condensation occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere cools and turns back into liquid water, forming clouds or fog.
113
What is the "water balance"?
The water balance is the relationship between the inputs (precipitation), outputs (evapotranspiration, runoff), and changes in storage (in soil or groundwater).
114
What is the "cryosphere" in relation to the water cycle?
The cryosphere refers to Earth's frozen water stores, including glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost, which store water as ice and snow.
115
What is the role of "vegetation" in the water cycle?
Vegetation plays a key role through transpiration, which releases water vapor into the atmosphere, and interception, where it temporarily stores precipitation before it reaches the ground.
116
What is "interception"?
Interception is the process by which precipitation is caught and held by vegetation or other surfaces, temporarily preventing water from reaching the ground.
117
Define "groundwater storage."
Groundwater storage refers to water that is stored underground in aquifers or porous rock layers, which can supply water to wells or springs.
118
What is the "aquifer" in the water cycle?
An aquifer is a body of permeable rock or sediment that stores groundwater, often tapped for drinking water or irrigation.
119
What are the processes that contribute to "cloud formation"?
Cloud formation occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere cools and condenses, often around tiny particles like dust or pollen, forming water droplets or ice crystals.
120
What is "overland flow"?
Overland flow is the flow of water across the ground surface, often occurring when the soil is saturated, and water cannot infiltrate further.
121
What is "baseflow"?
Baseflow is the portion of streamflow that comes from groundwater, contributing to rivers during dry periods and maintaining flow during droughts.
122
What is a "drainage basin"?
A drainage basin is an area of land where all the water drains into a specific river or stream, including the rivers, streams, and groundwater that feed into it.
123
What is the significance of "soil moisture"?
Soil moisture is the amount of water contained in the soil, which is essential for plant growth and is an important factor in the water balance of a region.
124
Define "storm hydrograph."
A storm hydrograph is a graph that shows how a river’s discharge changes over time in response to a storm, illustrating the lag time between rainfall and peak discharge.
125
What is "water scarcity"?
Water scarcity occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available supply, which can be due to factors like drought, over-extraction, or poor distribution of water resources.
126
What is a "drainage basin"?
A drainage basin is an area of land where all precipitation collects and drains into a single river or stream. It includes rivers, streams, groundwater, and the surrounding land.
127
What is the "watershed"?
A watershed is the boundary that separates one drainage basin from another. It is often marked by high land or ridges.
128
What is meant by "river catchment"?
A river catchment is another term for a drainage basin, referring to the area of land that drains into a particular river or stream.
129
What are "inputs" in the context of a drainage basin?
Inputs refer to the sources of water entering the drainage basin, such as precipitation (rain, snow, hail) or inputs from other basins.
130
What are "outputs" in a drainage basin?
Outputs are the ways in which water leaves the drainage basin, including evapotranspiration, river discharge (flow into oceans or other bodies of water), and groundwater flow.
131
What are the main "stores" in a drainage basin?
The main stores in a drainage basin include:
- Vegetation (e.g., forests and plants)
- Soil
- Rivers and Lakes
- Groundwater
- Ice and Snow
132
What is "precipitation" in the context of a drainage basin?
Precipitation is water that falls from the atmosphere into the drainage basin, such as rain, snow, or hail.
133
What is "interception" in a drainage basin?
Interception occurs when precipitation is caught and held by vegetation or other surfaces before it reaches the ground.
134
Define "infiltration" in the drainage basin.
Infiltration is the process by which water from precipitation enters the soil, contributing to groundwater storage.
135
What is "throughflow"?
Throughflow is the lateral movement of water through the soil layer, which often moves towards rivers and streams, contributing to river flow.
136
What is "percolation"?
Percolation is the downward movement of water from the soil into deeper rock layers, contributing to groundwater storage.
137
What is the role of "groundwater" in a drainage basin?
Groundwater is water stored underground in permeable rock layers (aquifers) and can discharge into rivers, sustaining streamflow, especially during dry periods.
138
What is "surface runoff"?
Surface runoff is the flow of water over the land surface when the soil is saturated, or precipitation exceeds the infiltration capacity, eventually flowing into rivers.
139
What is the "baseflow" in a drainage basin?
Baseflow is the part of river discharge that comes from groundwater, providing a constant flow in rivers even during dry periods.
140
What is "evapotranspiration" in a drainage basin?
Evapotranspiration is the combined process of evaporation from land and water surfaces and transpiration from plants, returning water to the atmosphere.
141
How do "rivers" function as an output in a drainage basin?
Rivers are channels that carry water away from the drainage basin, transferring it to other bodies of water like lakes, seas, or oceans.
142
What is the "water balance" in a drainage basin?
The water balance is the relationship between the inputs (precipitation), outputs (evapotranspiration, runoff), and changes in storage (soil moisture, groundwater).
143
What is "hydraulic action" in a river?
Hydraulic action is the force of water as it flows over rocks, breaking them apart and wearing away the river bed and banks.
144
What is "sediment transportation" in a drainage basin?
Sediment transportation is the movement of eroded materials (e.g., soil, rocks) by river water, through processes such as traction, saltation, suspension, and solution.
145
What is the role of "vegetation" in a drainage basin?
Vegetation plays a crucial role in intercepting precipitation, promoting infiltration, reducing runoff, and aiding in evapotranspiration.
146
What is "lag time" in the context of a drainage basin's storm hydrograph?
Lag time is the time difference between the peak of rainfall and the peak of river discharge, indicating the responsiveness of the basin to rainfall.
147
What is a "storm hydrograph"?
A storm hydrograph is a graph that shows how river discharge changes over time following a storm, illustrating the effects of rainfall on a river’s flow.
148
What is the "drainage density" of a basin?
Drainage density refers to the total length of all the streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the basin, indicating how well-drained the area is.
149
What is "saturation excess" runoff?
Saturation excess runoff occurs when the soil is already saturated and cannot absorb more water, causing excess water to flow over the surface into streams.
150
What is "slope" and how does it affect drainage basins?
Slope refers to the steepness of the land. Steep slopes typically result in faster runoff and more rapid drainage, leading to quicker discharge in rivers and streams.
151
What is "runoff"?
Runoff is the movement of water over the Earth's surface, typically following precipitation, towards rivers, lakes, and oceans.
152
What factors influence the amount of runoff in a drainage basin?
Factors include precipitation intensity, land use, vegetation cover, soil type, slope, and drainage basin characteristics.
153
How does "precipitation" affect runoff variations?
Intense or prolonged precipitation can lead to increased runoff due to the soil's limited ability to absorb water, while light or intermittent precipitation results in less runoff.
154
What is "saturation" and how does it affect runoff?
Saturation occurs when the soil is completely filled with water. Once saturated, any additional precipitation will contribute to increased surface runoff.
155
How does "soil type" influence runoff?
Permeable soils (e.g., sand) allow more infiltration, reducing runoff, while impermeable soils (e.g., clay) increase surface runoff because water cannot easily enter the soil.
156
What role does "vegetation cover" play in runoff variations?
Vegetation intercepts rainfall, promotes infiltration, and reduces surface runoff by increasing water absorption through plant roots.
157
How does "land use" affect runoff?
Urban areas with impermeable surfaces (e.g., roads, buildings) increase runoff, while natural areas with vegetation and permeable soil reduce runoff by promoting infiltration.
158
What is "impervious surface runoff"?
Impervious surface runoff occurs when water flows over surfaces that do not absorb water, like concrete, leading to higher runoff and faster discharge into rivers.
159
How does "slope" affect runoff?
Steeper slopes cause faster surface runoff because water has less time to infiltrate before flowing downhill. Gentle slopes tend to allow more infiltration.
160
What is the effect of "antecedent moisture" on runoff?
Antecedent moisture refers to the amount of water already present in the soil. If the soil is wet from previous rainfall, runoff will be higher during subsequent precipitation.
161
How does "storm intensity" affect runoff?
Higher storm intensity (heavy rain) overwhelms the soil's capacity to absorb water, resulting in higher runoff. Lighter rain allows more water to infiltrate.
162
What is the role of "drainage density" in runoff variations?
A basin with high drainage density (many rivers and streams) tends to have quicker runoff as water is efficiently carried away by the river network, leading to faster discharge.
163
What is the "flashiness" of a river?
Flashiness refers to how quickly a river responds to precipitation, characterized by rapid increases in discharge and fast peaks in the hydrograph after rainfall.
164
How does "land slope" influence runoff and hydrographs?
Steep land slopes produce quick runoff, resulting in a sharp, fast peak in the hydrograph, whereas flatter land slows down runoff and results in a gentler rise and fall.
165
What is a "storm hydrograph"?
A storm hydrograph is a graph that shows the changes in river discharge over time following a storm, illustrating how quickly and intensely runoff occurs.
166
What is "peak discharge" in a hydrograph?
Peak discharge is the highest point on a hydrograph, representing the maximum flow of water in a river following a storm event or heavy rainfall.
167
What is the "lag time" in a storm hydrograph?
Lag time is the delay between the peak of rainfall and the peak of river discharge, influenced by factors like soil type, slope, and land use.
168
How does "urbanization" affect runoff?
Urbanization increases runoff due to the presence of impermeable surfaces, such as roads and buildings, which prevent water from infiltrating the ground.
169
What is "river discharge"?
River discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river at any given time, usually measured in cubic meters per second (m³/s), influenced by runoff.
170
How does "seasonality" affect runoff?
Runoff can vary with the seasons, as snowmelt and heavy winter rainfall increase runoff in colder months, while summer droughts reduce runoff due to lower precipitation.
171
What is "soil permeability"?
Soil permeability refers to the ability of soil to allow water to pass through it. Soils with high permeability (e.g., sand) lead to lower runoff, while low permeability (e.g., clay) increases runoff.
172
How do "rivers" contribute to runoff variations?
Rivers carry runoff from precipitation and surface flow. The shape, size, and capacity of a river can influence how much runoff it can handle and how quickly it drains.
173
What is the "hydrological response" to a storm event?
The hydrological response is how a drainage basin reacts to rainfall, including the amount of runoff generated, peak discharge, and changes in river flow.
174
How does "groundwater storage" affect runoff?
Higher groundwater storage reduces surface runoff, as water can be absorbed by the ground, while low groundwater levels lead to more surface runoff during rainfall.
175
How does "climate" influence runoff?
Climate affects the frequency, intensity, and seasonality of precipitation, which in turn influences runoff levels. In wet climates, runoff is generally higher, while in dry climates, runoff tends to be lower.
176
What is the "carbon cycle"?
The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms, through processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and decomposition.
177
What are the main stores of carbon in the carbon cycle?
The main stores are:
- Atmosphere (as carbon dioxide)
- Oceans
- Terrestrial biosphere (plants, animals, soils)
- Fossil fuels
- Sedimentary rocks
178
What is "photosynthesis" in the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to produce glucose, releasing oxygen in the process.
179
How does "respiration" contribute to the carbon cycle?
Respiration is the process by which living organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) break down glucose and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
180
What is "decomposition" in the carbon cycle?
Decomposition is the breakdown of organic matter (e.g., dead plants and animals) by decomposers like bacteria and fungi, which releases carbon back into the soil or atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane.
181
What is "combustion" in the carbon cycle?
Combustion is the process of burning organic material (e.g., fossil fuels or biomass), which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
182
What role do "oceans" play in the carbon cycle?
Oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through processes like diffusion and marine photosynthesis. Oceans also store large amounts of carbon in marine life and sediments.
183
What is "carbon sequestration"?
Carbon sequestration refers to the long-term storage of carbon in carbon sinks, such as forests, soils, and oceans, preventing it from entering the atmosphere.
184
What is the "atmosphere's" role in the carbon cycle?
The atmosphere holds carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis and released through respiration, combustion, and other processes.
185
How do "plants" contribute to the carbon cycle?
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, converting it into organic carbon (e.g., glucose), which is then passed on through food chains.
186
What is the "terrestrial biosphere"?
The terrestrial biosphere refers to the Earth's land-based ecosystems, including plants, animals, and soils, which store and cycle carbon through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition.
187
What is the "carbon pump" in the oceans?
The carbon pump refers to the processes (biological, physical, and chemical) that move carbon from the ocean surface to deeper layers and sediments, sequestering it for long periods.
188
What is "the soil carbon store"?
The soil carbon store consists of carbon held in soil organic matter, including decomposed plant and animal material, and it is an important source of carbon for plants and microbes.
189
What is "fossil fuel formation"?
Fossil fuel formation occurs when ancient organic matter (e.g., plants and animals) is buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, forming coal, oil, and natural gas, which are rich in carbon.
190
How does "deforestation" impact the carbon cycle?
Deforestation reduces the Earth's carbon sink capacity, as fewer trees are available to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to higher CO₂ levels and contributing to global warming.
191
What is "carbon flux"?
Carbon flux refers to the movement of carbon between different stores in the carbon cycle. It includes the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere, oceans, and soil, as well as back to the atmosphere.
192
What is the "carbon budget"?
The carbon budget refers to the balance of carbon inputs and outputs in the Earth's system, which determines whether the concentration of atmospheric CO₂ is increasing or decreasing over time.
193
What is the "carbon sink"?
A carbon sink is any reservoir that absorbs and stores more carbon than it releases, such as forests, oceans, and soil. They help mitigate the effects of carbon emissions.
194
How does "land use change" affect the carbon cycle?
Land use changes, such as urbanization or agricultural expansion, can release stored carbon into the atmosphere (e.g., from soil and vegetation) or affect the balance of carbon sequestration.
195
What is "ocean acidification"?
Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by oceans, forming carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of seawater and can harm marine life.
196
What are "carbon emissions"?
Carbon emissions are the release of carbon, primarily in the form of carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
197
What is "the greenhouse effect" in relation to carbon?
The greenhouse effect occurs when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change.
198
How does "global warming" relate to the carbon cycle?
Global warming is driven by the increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which intensify the greenhouse effect and lead to rising temperatures.
199
How do "volcanoes" release carbon into the atmosphere?
Volcanoes release carbon dioxide through volcanic eruptions, adding carbon to the atmosphere from deep within the Earth's crust, which can influence long-term carbon cycles.
200
What is "carbon dioxide removal" (CDR)?
Carbon dioxide removal refers to techniques aimed at removing CO₂ from the atmosphere, such as afforestation, reforestation, and carbon capture and storage (CCS), to mitigate climate change.
201
How are the water cycle and carbon cycle interconnected?
The water cycle and carbon cycle are linked through processes like evaporation and precipitation, where water supports plant growth (photosynthesis) and the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, plants, and soils.
202
How does climate change affect the carbon cycle?
Climate change can alter carbon cycling by increasing the rate of carbon release (e.g., from melting permafrost or wildfires) and affecting carbon sinks, such as reducing forest carbon uptake due to droughts.
203
How does climate change impact the water cycle?
Climate change intensifies the water cycle, leading to more extreme weather events, such as heavier rainfall, increased evaporation, and more frequent droughts, which disrupt water availability and distribution.
204
What is the feedback loop between the water cycle and climate?
A feedback loop occurs when changes in the water cycle (e.g., increased evaporation) lead to changes in climate (e.g., warmer temperatures), which in turn affect the water cycle further, like more intense rainfall or droughts.
205
How do oceans influence both the water cycle and the carbon cycle?
Oceans play a key role in both cycles by absorbing water through evaporation and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, storing carbon in marine life and sediments, and releasing water vapor into the atmosphere.
206
What is the role of evapotranspiration in the carbon and water cycles?
Evapotranspiration, the combined process of evaporation from surfaces and transpiration from plants, moves water into the atmosphere and influences plant growth, which in turn affects the uptake and release of carbon in ecosystems.
207
How does deforestation affect both the carbon cycle and the water cycle?
Deforestation reduces the amount of carbon stored in trees, releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere, and it disrupts the water cycle by reducing evapotranspiration, leading to altered rainfall patterns and increased runoff.
208
How does climate change affect precipitation and the water cycle?
Climate change leads to altered precipitation patterns, with some areas experiencing more intense rainfall and others becoming drier, disrupting water availability and causing flooding or droughts.
209
How do carbon emissions contribute to climate change?
Carbon emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels and deforestation, increase the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which traps heat and causes global temperatures to rise, leading to climate change.
210
What is carbon sequestration in relation to climate change?
Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, primarily through natural processes like photosynthesis in plants and soil carbon storage, which helps mitigate climate change.
211
How does climate change affect water availability?
Climate change leads to shifts in precipitation patterns, causing some regions to experience more rainfall (flooding) and others to face droughts, which affects the availability of freshwater resources.
212
What role do forests play in regulating both the water cycle and carbon cycle?
Forests regulate the water cycle by absorbing and releasing water through transpiration, and they play a critical role in the carbon cycle by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and storing it as biomass.
213
How do wildfires impact both the carbon cycle and the water cycle?
Wildfires release large amounts of CO₂ into the atmosphere, accelerating climate change. They also alter the water cycle by reducing vegetation cover, which increases surface runoff and can disrupt local hydrological systems.
214
How does global warming affect the carbon cycle?
Global warming increases the rate of carbon release from natural carbon stores, such as melting permafrost, and can disrupt carbon sinks, such as forests, reducing their ability to absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere.
215
How do soil types influence the interactions between the water cycle and the carbon cycle?
Different soil types affect water infiltration and retention, which influences plant growth and carbon sequestration. For example, sandy soils allow more water to drain, while clay soils retain more water, affecting carbon storage in soils.
216
What is the impact of rising sea levels on the carbon cycle?
Rising sea levels caused by climate change may result in the release of stored carbon from coastal soils and peatlands, which are often rich in organic carbon, contributing to higher atmospheric CO₂ levels.
217
What is the relationship between carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures?
Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere trap heat, leading to an increase in global temperatures, which is a key driver of climate change.
218
How do wetlands affect both the carbon cycle and the water cycle?
Wetlands store large amounts of carbon in their soils, acting as carbon sinks, and they regulate the water cycle by controlling water flow, filtering water, and releasing moisture through evapotranspiration.
219
What is the role of the hydrological cycle in climate regulation?
The hydrological cycle helps regulate climate by moving water between the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Changes in this cycle, such as altered evaporation and precipitation, can have a significant impact on regional and global climates.
220
How does carbon pollution influence weather patterns?
Carbon pollution contributes to global warming, which causes shifts in weather patterns, including more extreme temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events, such as storms and droughts.
221
How does the carbon cycle help regulate global climate?
The carbon cycle regulates global climate by maintaining a balance of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Carbon sinks like forests, soils, and oceans absorb CO₂, preventing excessive buildup that could lead to overheating of the planet.
222
How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
Deforestation releases carbon stored in trees into the atmosphere and reduces the Earth's capacity to absorb CO₂ through photosynthesis, contributing to an increase in atmospheric CO₂ levels and global warming.
223
What is the impact of human activities on the water cycle?
Human activities like urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation can alter the natural water cycle by increasing runoff, reducing infiltration, and affecting local precipitation patterns, leading to problems such as flooding or droughts.
224
What are carbon sinks, and how do they influence climate?
Carbon sinks, such as forests, oceans, and soils, absorb more carbon than they release, helping to mitigate climate change by reducing atmospheric CO₂ levels. Disruption of these sinks can exacerbate global warming.
225
How does the water cycle influence carbon storage?
The water cycle affects carbon storage by regulating the availability of water for plants, which use it for photosynthesis. Water availability can influence how much carbon is absorbed by terrestrial ecosystems and soils.
226
What is the role of the Amazon Rainforest in the water cycle?
The Amazon Rainforest plays a vital role in the water cycle through evapotranspiration, where water is absorbed by plants and then released back into the atmosphere as water vapor, contributing to local and regional rainfall patterns.
227
How does the Amazon Rainforest influence global weather patterns?
The Amazon Rainforest helps regulate global weather by maintaining moisture levels in the atmosphere, which influences precipitation patterns not only in South America but also in other regions, including North America and Africa.
228
What is the significance of evapotranspiration in the Amazon Rainforest?
Evapotranspiration in the Amazon Rainforest releases large amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere, which contributes to cloud formation and rainfall. This process is vital for maintaining both local and regional water cycles.
229
How does the Amazon Rainforest contribute to cloud formation?
The water vapor released through evapotranspiration rises and cools, forming clouds. The Amazon’s dense vegetation ensures continuous moisture supply, which leads to the formation of persistent clouds and rainfall.
230
How does the Amazon Rainforest impact local rainfall?
The Amazon Rainforest influences local rainfall patterns by recycling water through evapotranspiration, creating a moisture-rich atmosphere, which leads to high levels of precipitation in the region, sustaining its lush ecosystem.
231
How does deforestation in the Amazon affect the water cycle?
Deforestation reduces evapotranspiration, disrupting the local water cycle. This can lead to reduced rainfall, more frequent droughts, and changes in water availability for ecosystems and human populations.
232
How does the Amazon Rainforest act as a carbon sink?
The Amazon absorbs and stores large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) through photosynthesis, with trees and plants acting as carbon sinks, helping mitigate the effects of climate change by reducing atmospheric CO₂.
233
What is the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle in the Amazon?
Plants in the Amazon absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, converting it into glucose and oxygen. This helps reduce the overall concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere, mitigating global warming.
234
What happens to the carbon stored in trees when the Amazon is deforested?
When trees in the Amazon are cut down or burned, the carbon stored in the trees is released back into the atmosphere as CO₂, increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and exacerbating climate change.
235
How does soil respiration contribute to the carbon cycle in the Amazon Rainforest?
Soil respiration involves microorganisms in the soil breaking down organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide. The Amazon’s rich soil carbon pool contributes significantly to the global carbon cycle.
236
How much carbon is stored in the Amazon Rainforest?
The Amazon stores an estimated 100 billion metric tons of carbon in its biomass and soils, making it one of the largest carbon sinks on Earth.
237
What is the impact of wildfires on the carbon cycle in the Amazon?
Wildfires release large amounts of CO₂ from the biomass and soil into the atmosphere, turning the Amazon from a carbon sink into a carbon source, exacerbating climate change.
238
How does climate change affect the carbon balance in the Amazon Rainforest?
Climate change can cause higher temperatures and altered rainfall patterns in the Amazon, potentially reducing forest health and carbon sequestration capacity, while increasing the frequency of wildfires.
239
How does the Amazon Rainforest contribute to the global carbon cycle?
The Amazon acts as a large carbon sink by absorbing significant amounts of CO₂ through photosynthesis, storing carbon in biomass, and releasing oxygen, which helps balance the global carbon cycle.
240
What is the relationship between deforestation and carbon emissions in the Amazon?
Deforestation in the Amazon releases large quantities of CO₂ into the atmosphere as trees that once stored carbon are burned or decay, contributing significantly to global carbon emissions.
241
What is the role of river systems in the Amazon Rainforest’s water cycle?
The Amazon River and its tributaries play a key role in transporting water across the basin, and evaporation from the river surface contributes to the moisture in the atmosphere, influencing rainfall.
242
How do floodplains in the Amazon influence the water cycle?
The floodplains of the Amazon store large amounts of water during wet seasons, releasing it slowly during dry periods, which regulates water flow and helps maintain the ecosystem’s resilience.
243
How does deforestation impact runoff in the Amazon?
Deforestation increases surface runoff because there is less vegetation to absorb water. This leads to soil erosion, flooding, and the depletion of water quality in nearby rivers and streams.
244
What is the role of Amazonian wetlands in the carbon and water cycles?
Amazonian wetlands store carbon in organic material and help regulate the water cycle by acting as natural buffers, absorbing and slowly releasing water to prevent floods and droughts.
245
How do Amazonian trees impact the global water cycle?
Amazonian trees contribute to global water cycling through evapotranspiration, which helps transfer moisture into the atmosphere, affecting weather systems beyond the Amazon region.
246
How do climate feedback loops impact the Amazon's role in the carbon and water cycles?
Climate feedback loops, such as increased temperatures and more frequent droughts, can weaken the Amazon’s ability to act as a carbon sink and disrupt its water cycle, exacerbating the impacts of climate change.
247
What is the impact of changing precipitation patterns in the Amazon on the carbon cycle?
Changes in precipitation due to climate change can lead to drier conditions, which reduce the Amazon's carbon sequestration ability, increase the likelihood of forest fires, and release more carbon into the atmosphere.
248
How do Amazonian forests interact with the hydrological cycle on a local scale?
The Amazon’s dense forests cycle water locally by absorbing rainwater, releasing moisture back into the atmosphere through transpiration, and affecting the local hydrological balance.
249
What is the impact of agriculture and cattle ranching on the Amazon’s water and carbon cycles?
Agriculture and cattle ranching contribute to deforestation, reducing the Amazon's capacity to store carbon and disrupt local water cycles, increasing the risk of flooding, drought, and soil erosion.
250
What is the potential impact of protecting the Amazon on global carbon and water cycles?
Protecting the Amazon can help maintain its role as a carbon sink, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, stabilize local and regional water cycles, and mitigate climate change effects globally.
251
Where is the River Exe located?
The River Exe is located in Devon, South West England. It flows from Exmoor, through the city of Exeter, and into the English Channel.
252
What is the total length of the River Exe?
The River Exe is approximately 82 kilometers (51 miles) long.
253
How does the River Exe contribute to the local water cycle?
The River Exe plays a vital role in the local water cycle by channeling surface runoff from the surrounding areas, acting as a key drainage system, and supporting regional evaporation and precipitation patterns.
254
What are the main tributaries of the River Exe?
Key tributaries of the River Exe include the River Barle, River Creedy, and River Culm.
255
How does the River Exe contribute to flooding in the region?
During periods of heavy rainfall, the River Exe can experience increased discharge due to surface runoff, leading to flooding in low-lying areas, particularly in the city of Exeter.
256
What is the drainage basin of the River Exe?
The drainage basin of the River Exe covers an area of about 1,500 km², including parts of Exmoor and the Devon hills.
257
How does the land use around the River Exe affect the water cycle?
Land use, such as agriculture, urbanization, and deforestation, affects the water cycle by altering runoff rates, infiltration, and evapotranspiration, increasing the risk of flooding or drought.
258
What impact does deforestation in the River Exe's catchment area have on the water cycle?
Deforestation reduces the capacity for water absorption by trees, increasing runoff and decreasing transpiration, which can lead to faster flooding and less water retention in the catchment area.
259
How does precipitation influence the flow of the River Exe?
Increased precipitation leads to higher river discharge, which can cause flooding in low-lying areas. Conversely, reduced rainfall can lead to lower river levels and water shortages in the region.
260
How does urbanization along the River Exe, particularly in Exeter, affect the water cycle?
Urbanization increases impermeable surfaces, which reduces water infiltration, increases surface runoff, and leads to more frequent and intense flooding in urban areas along the River Exe.
261
How does the River Exe contribute to the carbon cycle?
The River Exe contributes to the carbon cycle through its interactions with local vegetation and soil. Organic material from plants and trees along the river can be broken down, releasing carbon into the atmosphere.
262
How does vegetation along the River Exe affect the carbon cycle?
Vegetation along the river acts as a carbon sink by absorbing CO₂ through photosynthesis and storing carbon in plant biomass and soils, helping to regulate atmospheric carbon levels.
263
How does land management in the River Exe catchment influence the carbon cycle?
Sustainable land management practices such as afforestation, conservation of wetlands, and controlled farming can increase the ability of soils and vegetation to store carbon and help mitigate climate change.
264
How does the River Exe’s flow affect carbon storage?
The flow of the River Exe influences carbon storage by transporting organic carbon into the river’s sediments, where it can be stored or broken down by microbes, affecting carbon levels in the region.
265
What is the impact of farming practices on the carbon cycle around the River Exe?
Intensive farming can lead to the release of carbon from soils through plowing and reduced vegetation cover. Conversely, sustainable farming can help sequester carbon in soils and increase overall carbon storage.
266
How do wetlands in the River Exe catchment impact the carbon cycle?
Wetlands in the catchment area store large amounts of carbon in waterlogged soils and vegetation. They act as carbon sinks, slowing down the release of CO₂ into the atmosphere and mitigating climate change.
267
How does the River Exe’s flow regime change throughout the year?
The flow of the River Exe is typically higher during winter and spring months due to increased rainfall and snowmelt from Exmoor. Summer months usually experience lower flows due to reduced precipitation and higher evaporation.
268
What is the role of soil moisture in the water cycle of the River Exe?
Soil moisture in the River Exe’s catchment area helps regulate runoff and infiltration rates. High soil moisture levels can increase surface runoff and the risk of flooding, while low levels can reduce river flow and contribute to drought.
269
How does climate change affect the water cycle in the River Exe region?
Climate change may lead to more intense and frequent storms, causing increased flooding risks. It can also result in drier periods with reduced river flow and higher evaporation rates, stressing water resources in the area.
270
What are the flooding risks in the River Exe basin?
Flooding risks in the River Exe basin arise from heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, and land use changes. Urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation can exacerbate flooding, especially in areas near Exeter.
271
How does stormwater management in Exeter affect the water cycle of the River Exe?
Stormwater management in Exeter, through infrastructure like flood barriers and drainage systems, helps control runoff, reduce flooding, and protect water quality in the River Exe.
272
How does agriculture in the River Exe catchment area impact runoff and flooding?
Agricultural practices, such as plowing, deforestation, and overgrazing, can increase runoff by reducing vegetation cover and soil infiltration capacity, leading to higher flood risks during rainfall events.
273
What are the management strategies used to control flooding in the River Exe basin?
Management strategies include flood defenses in Exeter, the creation of floodplains, improved land drainage, and floodplain zoning to reduce urban development in flood-prone areas.
274
How does urbanization along the River Exe, especially in Exeter, contribute to the urban heat island effect?
Urbanization in Exeter increases the amount of heat-absorbing surfaces like concrete and asphalt, leading to higher local temperatures, which can influence local water cycles by increasing evaporation rates.
275
What is the future outlook for the River Exe in terms of water and carbon cycles?
The future of the River Exe will be shaped by climate change, land management, and urban growth. Sustainable practices, such as protecting wetlands, restoring vegetation, and improving water management, will help maintain its role in the water and carbon cycles.
276
What is the role of orbital changes in affecting the carbon cycle?
Orbital changes, such as variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt, influence the Earth's climate over long periods. These changes can alter temperature patterns and affect carbon storage and release in ecosystems.
277
What are Milankovitch cycles and how do they affect the carbon cycle?
Milankovitch cycles refer to the long-term variations in Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and precession. These cycles can lead to changes in the Earth's climate, affecting the carbon cycle by influencing temperature, ice cover, and atmospheric CO₂ levels.
278
What is eccentricity in the context of Earth's orbit and how does it influence the carbon cycle?
Eccentricity refers to the shape of Earth's orbit. A more elliptical orbit increases the distance between Earth and the Sun, leading to cooler periods that can influence global temperature and carbon cycling, while a circular orbit promotes warmer conditions.
279
How does axial tilt affect the carbon cycle?
The axial tilt (the angle of Earth's tilt) affects the intensity and seasonality of sunlight reaching different parts of Earth. Changes in axial tilt can lead to cooler or warmer periods, influencing carbon storage in forests, ice caps, and oceans.
280
What is precession and how does it affect the carbon cycle?
Precession is the wobble of Earth's axis. This cycle changes the orientation of Earth’s hemispheres relative to the Sun, affecting the timing and intensity of seasons, which can influence climate and carbon exchange between land, atmosphere, and oceans.
281
How does the sun’s energy output influence the carbon cycle?
Variations in the Sun’s energy output, such as solar cycles, affect global temperatures. Increased solar radiation can lead to warming, enhancing the release of carbon from ecosystems, while decreased solar output can lead to cooler periods and altered carbon storage.
282
What is the relationship between solar radiation and the global carbon cycle?
Changes in solar radiation can influence Earth's climate by altering global temperatures. Warmer conditions can lead to greater carbon emissions from forests and oceans, while cooler periods can enhance carbon sequestration, such as the growth of ice sheets.
283
How do volcanic eruptions in space (like solar flares) affect the carbon cycle?
Solar flares and other solar activity can affect Earth’s atmosphere by altering temperature and atmospheric chemistry. Though the direct impact on the carbon cycle is limited, they can influence cloud formation and radiation, affecting the global carbon balance.
284
What is the carbon-climate feedback associated with orbital changes?
Orbital changes can lead to shifts in climate (e.g., glacial-interglacial cycles). These climate shifts affect carbon storage in ice sheets, forests, and oceans. For example, warmer periods may lead to more CO₂ in the atmosphere, and cooler periods can increase carbon sequestration.
285
How does orbital forcing influence the growth and decay of ice sheets and the carbon cycle?
Orbital forcing, through Milankovitch cycles, affects the timing of ice ages. Cooling leads to the expansion of ice sheets, which store carbon, while warming causes ice sheets to melt, releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere.
286
How does Earth's position relative to the Sun affect the seasonal carbon cycle?
Changes in Earth’s position relative to the Sun during different seasons (due to axial tilt and orbital eccentricity) affect the carbon balance. Warmer seasons increase photosynthesis and carbon absorption, while cooler seasons lead to less carbon uptake and more emissions.
287
How do orbital changes over thousands of years lead to climate oscillations that affect the carbon cycle?
Orbital changes, particularly through Milankovitch cycles, lead to periodic climate shifts, such as ice ages. These oscillations affect the carbon cycle by influencing global temperature, ice cover, and carbon storage in oceans and forests.
288
How do orbital cycles impact the distribution of vegetation and the carbon cycle?
Orbital cycles can affect climate patterns, such as temperature and precipitation, which influence the growth of vegetation. Vegetation affects the carbon cycle by absorbing CO₂ through photosynthesis, and its distribution impacts global carbon storage.
289
How do changes in Earth's orbit influence marine carbon cycling?
Changes in Earth's orbit influence sea surface temperatures and ocean currents. These factors can affect the biological pump (the process where marine organisms absorb CO₂), altering how much carbon is absorbed and stored in the oceans.
290
What is the role of ice-albedo feedback in the carbon cycle?
The ice-albedo feedback refers to the effect where changes in Earth's orbit lead to temperature fluctuations. Warmer periods cause ice to melt, reducing Earth's albedo (reflectivity) and increasing carbon release from ice, further accelerating warming.
291
How does orbital forcing affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration?
Orbital forcing influences temperature and climate patterns. For example, warmer periods lead to increased CO₂ in the atmosphere due to enhanced respiration, deforestation, and reduced carbon sequestration in colder climates.
292
How does Earth's axial tilt affect the global carbon balance?
Earth's axial tilt determines the intensity of seasonal variations in sunlight. More tilt results in more extreme seasons, impacting photosynthesis rates and, consequently, the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants.
293
What impact do orbital cycles have on carbon storage in polar regions?
Orbital cycles affect the expansion and contraction of ice sheets. During cooler periods, more carbon is stored in ice, whereas warmer periods lead to ice melting, releasing carbon stored in polar regions back into the atmosphere.
294
How do orbital variations influence global temperature and thus the carbon cycle?
Orbital variations affect the distribution of solar energy across the Earth. These changes in solar insolation can lead to warming or cooling, which in turn influences the global carbon cycle by affecting carbon release from ecosystems and oceanic processes.
295
What is the impact of orbital changes on carbon sequestration in forests?
Orbital changes can affect temperature and precipitation, influencing forest growth rates. Warmer periods with adequate moisture may increase carbon sequestration in forests, while cooler or drier periods may reduce this capacity.
296
How do Milankovitch cycles explain the Ice Ages and their effect on the carbon cycle?
Milankovitch cycles cause long-term climatic shifts. During ice ages, colder temperatures reduce atmospheric CO₂ levels due to increased carbon storage in ice sheets and oceans. Conversely, warmer interglacial periods release more CO₂.
297
How does the precession of Earth's axis influence the seasonal carbon cycle?
Precession causes a gradual shift in the timing of seasons, altering how much solar radiation Earth receives at different times of the year. This can change photosynthesis patterns and carbon storage, especially in higher latitudes.
298
How does solar variability influence the carbon cycle?
Changes in solar activity, such as sunspots and solar flares, can influence the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth. These variations can slightly impact global temperatures and carbon cycling by affecting photosynthesis and oceanic carbon uptake.
299
How do orbital cycles affect the biological pump in oceans?
Orbital cycles influence the amount of solar energy reaching oceans, affecting ocean temperatures and currents. These changes can enhance or diminish the biological pump, which plays a key role in the uptake and storage of carbon in the deep ocean.
300
How do orbital changes interact with carbon feedback mechanisms in the Earth's system?
Orbital changes trigger shifts in Earth's climate, which in turn activate carbon feedback mechanisms (e.g., the release of CO₂ from oceans and soils, or increased plant growth). These feedbacks can amplify or mitigate climate changes and affect the carbon cycle.
