water+carbon

Question 1

Kiribati

Answer 1

Kiribati-south pacific lower gdp than laos
Seawall coral reefs + sea bags-reduces saltwater inundation +planting 50,000 mangroves-aid sedimentation-allowing for more coastal attrition
‘Migration with dignity’-but Fiji and Australia land-send over some of there 103k population over-fatalistic topophilia view-giving up
In 50 years island definelty submerged-1.2 rising sea level p/y-migration of people to Tarawa-watse disposal issues-bought land in fiji to increase food security of saltwater incursions
MELAD-NGO-mangroves since 2005

Question 2

amazon rainforest-carbon part

Answer 2

100bn tonnes
-reduced by 50% reduction-when coverted to palm oil plantation
accelerated photosynthesis
20k km deforested each year
75% carbon ghg emissions attributed to deforestations
slash and burn-sudden evaporation leading to cloud formation-no rain though-increase in soil erosion as a result
result sin loss of carbon capacity-negative npp

Question 3

amazon rainforest water

Answer 3

average annual discharge 15% of fresh water into oceans
2300 rainfall
48% of evapotranspiration from rainfall falls again-closed system
forest fires-less evapotranspiration so less rainfall-so more forest fires-more soil erosion so more forest fires-
Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River. The dam, potentially the third largest in the world, would flood 400 km2 and displace 12,000 locals rmeoves 73% of natural river flow-sedimentation of the river +
rivernegro-lowred 10cm in 2010

Question 4

environmental changes-amazon

Answer 4

fungi and bactetia die-less decomposition
less leaf litter decposed-new suppprt mew growth
higher rates of extreme rainfall-overall discharge reduction -flash flooding
temperature dependant species die off-85% of all species
more drought causes more forest fire
carbon sink to store

Question 5

how to protect the environemtn

Answer 5

selective logging-only tallest trees-less exposure
Debt for nature swaps-4.5 bn-2009 copenhagen clmate talks
trees dont mean carbon will be stored forever
Brazil 40% renewable energy

Question 6

antartica

Answer 6

increased temps-more melting-reduceing albedo-less infa-red reflected-increases temp-permafrost melts -methane released further increase.

Question 7

the river exe

Answer 7

flows 82km from source in exmoor-geology- 85% is impermeable sandstone
due to agriculture-drainage ditches have been made + peat cutting -mires dry out-reduces the water capacity
65%-runoff-water balance-due to less percolation bc of sandstone
oxidation of peat bigs-c02 released
restoration of peatland of exmoor management-rewet peat bogs+fillingin drainage ditches means more carbon can be stored-reduces pos. feedback

Wimbleball-1997-reservoir-tributary river hadeo -21k mega litres per year-regulates peaks and troughs of water discharge-steady-decreases likelihood of flooding-reduces sedimentation downstream.

Question 8

amazonthreats

Answer 8

Amazon rainforest
Cattle ranching – accounts for 80% of deforestation
17% of the original forest has been lost
Brazil obtains 40% of its energy from renewable resources
rainforest recycles 50% of its precipitation
Loss of these ‘keystone species’ would trigger a decline in many other species
$4.5 billion was pledged to support this idea following the Copenhagen climate talks in 2009
Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River. The dam, potentially the third largest in the world, would flood 400 km2 and displace 12,000 locals