kiribati Flashcards
amazon
Amazon rainforest
Cattle ranching – accounts for 80% of deforestation
17% of the original forest has been lost
2010 event lowered the Río Negro upstream from Manaus, isolating local people who depended on the river for transport
Brazil obtains 40% of its energy from renewable resources
e rainforest recycles 50% of its precipitation
A number of important seed-dispersing animals, such as monkeys and toucans, are pivotal in maintaining the ecosystem. Loss of these ‘keystone species’ would trigger a decline in many other species
REDD (reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) is based on the idea that rich countries should pay poor countries not to cut down trees. $4.5 billion was pledged to support this idea following the Copenhagen climate talks in 2009
Belo Monte Dam on the Xingu River. The proposal is strongly opposed by environmental groups and indigenous people. The dam, potentially the third largest in the world, would flood 400 km2 and displace 12,000 locals
Dead Amazonian trees (which account for around 20% of above ground biomass5) emit an estimated 1.9 billion tons (1.7 billion metric tons) of carbon to the atmosphere each year. In a normal year,
1. There is increased soil erosion and weathering of rainforest soils as water acts immediately upon them rather than being intercepted.
2. Flash floods are more likely to happen as there is less interception and absorption by the forest cover.
3. Conversely, the interruption of normal water cycling has resulted in more droughts in the forest, increasing the risk of wild fires
4. More soil and silt is being washed into rivers, resulting in changes to waterways and transport
5. Disrupt water supplies to many people in Brazil
holderness
Holderness coastline-2 meters p/y-2 mn tonnes of material p/y-softer sofrt boulder clay
Hydraulic action+attriton-rocks are carried-rocks collide get smaller-destructuve waves longer fetch with a strong swash and weak backwash
Discordant
Less erosion northerly-less attrition further south less spit formation-increased erosion-sssi
Mappleton-2 million-342 people
3km from hornsea-1991 2 rock groynes+rock armour-build up of beach material-
purbeck coastline
95 mile Jurassic coastline
discordant -east
concordant-south-difference causes different
features even though in close proximity -
durdle doors-old harrys rock-limestone-weakness-cave-arch stack stump-discordant
lulworth cove-caused 10,000 years ago by ersoion processes(limestone)-soft clay behind it-lulworth
coves
narrow entrance -differential erosion-softer rock weathered and worn away quicker-alternating bands of hard and soft rock
kiribati
Kiribati-south pacific lower gdp than laos
Seawall coral reefs + sea bags-reduces saltwater inundation +planting 50,000 mangroves-aid sedimentation-allowing for more coastal attrition
‘Migration with dignity’-but Fiji and Australia land-send over some of there 103k population over-fatalistic topophilia view-giving up
In 50 years island definelty submerged-1.2 rising sea level p/y-migration of people to Tarawa-watse disposal issues-bought land in fiji to increase food security of saltwater incursions
MELAD-NGO-mangroves since 2005
