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BU 1 > Water And Water Supply Systems > Flashcards

Water And Water Supply Systems Flashcards

0
Q

Goes on continually in living cells, metabolic breakdown of essential molecule as proteins and carbohydrates

A

Hydrolysis

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1
Q

Is the most basic and fundamental of component of life on earth

A

Water

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2
Q

Is a great source for supplying our water needs, but it is also one that is susceptible to contamination

A

Ground water

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3
Q

4 properties of water

A
  1. Heat capacity
  2. Surface tension
  3. Capillarity
  4. Dissolving ability
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4
Q

Water has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself. (Properties of water)

A

Heat capacity

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5
Q

Is the ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together. Water molecules cling together so tightly that it can support objects heavier than itself. This can be demonstrated on a dripping tap. As water drips, each drip cling to the tap, stretches, is released and forms into a tiny ball (properties of water)

A

Surface tension

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6
Q

The ability of water to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity (Properties of water)

A

Capillarity

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7
Q

Water has the ability to dissolve almost any substance, it is known as a universal solvent (properties of water)

A

Dissolving ability

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8
Q

Readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation, contains impurities (physical, chemical, bacteriological or radiological)

A

Natural water

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9
Q

Water which undergoes treatment, either physical, biological or chemical means to improve water quality

A

Purified water

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10
Q

Is an artificial means of obtaining a chemically pure water

A

Purification

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11
Q

Water with any material or substance that affects the quality of water and affects the health of an individual

A

Contaminated water

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12
Q

Water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological, biological) which tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute health hazard and impair the potability of water

A

Polluted water

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13
Q

Water with the presence of elements such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum which causes hardness. This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather form detergents and the presence of scale deposits in pipes and heaters or boilers

A

Hard water

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14
Q

Water without the presence of calcium and magnesium. This is characterized by easiness of producing lather from detergents and absence of scale formation in boilers, heaters and pipes

A

Soft water

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15
Q

Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, bathtubs

A

Grey water

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16
Q

Water-plus-human waste that is flushed out of toilets and urinals

A

Black water

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17
Q

Rain, surface run-off

A

Storm water

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18
Q

9 uses of water

A
  1. Nourishment
  2. Cleansing and hygiene
  3. Ceremonial uses
  4. Transportational uses
  5. Cooling medium
  6. Ornamental entertainment element
  7. Protective uses
  8. Recreation/ relax
  9. Therapy and medication
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19
Q

Much of the human body is water, the most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet
(Uses of water)

A

Nourishment

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20
Q

Water is a nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste and its high heat storage capacity makes the attainment if comfortable temperatures for bathing easy. Much larger quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment
(Uses of water)

A

Cleansing and hygiene

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21
Q

Largely through its associations with cleaning, water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services. Examples of the ceremonial use of water include vessel containing holy water at entrances to Catholic churches, pools in the forecourt of mosques and full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars of some Protestant churches. The opportunities for esthetic expression are particularly rich in these ceremonial application

A

Ceremonial uses

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22
Q

Waterways had been developed for this purpose to allow the passage water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people

A

Transportational uses

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23
Q

Water has a remarkable cooling potential: it stores heat readily, removes large quantities of heat when it evaporates, and vaporizes readily at temperature commonly found at the human skin surface water is also used in some devices that needs the removal of heat easily and efficiently

A

Cooling medium

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24
Q

Especially useful designs characteristics of water include its reflectivity which sets it apart from most plant and ground materials in garden; its liquidity which creates unique sounds wherever it moves; and its life sustaining potential which allows the addition of both water plants and animals to a garden

A

Ornamental entertainment element

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25
Q

Water is an essential element in fire protection. The vast qualities of water potentially required for firefighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valves. Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element

A

Protective uses

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26
Q

Physical characteristic of water caused by the presence of suspended materials such as clay, silt, other inorganic material, planktons or finely divided organic materials

A

Turbidity

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27
Q

Physical characteristic of water caused by dissolved organic matter as from decaying vegetation. Some organic material also color water as do growths of microorganisms. Like turbidity, such color changes usually do not threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable

A

Color

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28
Q

Physical characteristics of water that can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified which source is responsible

A

Taste and odor

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29
Q

In general, water supplied between 50 and 60 degrees is preferred ( physical properties of water)

A

Temperature

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30
Q

Physical characteristic of water caused by concentration of detergents. The foam itself does not pose a serious health threat, but it may indicate that other, more pollutants associated with waste are also present

A

Foamability

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31
Q

Chemical characteristics of water caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide components. Testing for these components of water’s alkalinity is a key to which treatments to use

A

Alkalinity

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32
Q

Chemical characteristic of water caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be classified as temporary and permanent

A

Hardness

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33
Q

Is a measure of water’s hydrogen ion concentration, as well as its relative acidity or alkalinity

A

pH

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34
Q

Water with a pH of 7

A

Neutral

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35
Q

Water with pH below 7

A

Acidic

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36
Q

Water with pH above 7

A

Alkaline

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37
Q

Chemical characteristic of water that are occasionally present in water supplies.

A

Toxic substances

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38
Q

Chemical characteristics of water that can enter water as it passes through geological deposits formed by marine sediment, or because of pollution from sea water, brine or industrial or domestic wastes

A

Chlorides

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39
Q

Chemical characteristic of water that can enter water from natural copper deposits or from copper piping that contains corrosive water

A

Copper

40
Q

Chemical characteristics of water that is frequently present in ground water. Corrosive water in iron pipes will also add iron to water

A

Iron

41
Q

Chemical characteristic of water that can both pose a psychological threat and produce color and taste effects similar to those produced by iron

A

Manganese

42
Q

Chemical characteristics of water that in high concentrations pose a threat to infants, in whom it can cause blue baby disease. In shallow wells, this concentration can indicate seepage from deposits of livestock manure

A

Nitrates

43
Q

This is a growing threat to water supplies and are particularly common in wells bear hones that have been treated for termite control. Chemical characteristics

A

Pesticides

60
Q

These are usually made in small sizes so thatthey can be attached to water faucets

A

Porous stone, ceramic or unglazed porcelain filters (Pasteur filters)

61
Q

A combined process that removes iron and or manganese from water. The chlorine chemically oxidizes the iron or manganese which form precipitates. Chlorine also kills iron bacteria and disinfects

A

Fine filtration

62
Q

These are particularly effective for removing tastes and odors. Water is passed through granular carbon which attracts large quantities of dissolved gases, soluble organics and fine solids

A

Activated carbon filters

63
Q

A widely used method for desalting seawater, sometimes used to reduce the mineral content in water. An inert, semi-permeable membrane has higher pressure supply water on one side, as the pressure slowly forces water through this filtering membrane, most of the minerals are removed

A

Reverse osmosis

64
Q

This is the most important health-related water treatment although chlorination has become the standard approach to removing harmful organism from water, there are other alternatives

A

Disinfection

65
Q

4 chemical disinfectants

A
  1. Chlorine
  2. Chloramines
  3. Chlorine dioxide
  4. Iodine
66
Q

This is the most widely used disinfectant in municipal water system in most parts of the world

A

Chlorine

67
Q

These compounds, resulting from the reaction of ammonia with chlorine in water solution are commonly used in municipal water supply systems

A

Chloramines

68
Q

Exhibits stronger disinfecting characteristics than chloramines but there is little evidence of extensive use of the disinfectant

A

Chlorine dioxide

69
Q

Common relative of chlorine has been used for years by campers for disinfecting drinking water of unknown quality

A

Iodine

70
Q

Is a simple approach to purification that produces the equivalent of bottled water for drinking, cooking and laboratory uses

A

Distillation

71
Q

Its advantages is that children who drink fluoridated water have lower rates of tooth decay. Its disadvantages are that only children need the fluoride, not adults and that in amounts above those used in water treatment, fluoride is toxic and can cause mottled teeth

A

Fluoridation

72
Q

It is important to control corrosion in order to keep water systems operating freely and to prevent corrosive water from increasing the concentration of hazardous materials

A

Corrosion control

73
Q

Is a slow degradation of a metal by a flow of electric current from the metal ti its surroundings

A

Corrosion

74
Q

Some organisms may be not be injurious to health but can multiply so rapidly that piping or filters become clogged or the water’s appearance, odor and taste are affected

A

Nuisance control

75
Q

Is a mechanism of contaminant removal making use of the adsorption phenomenon, the act of physical adhesion of molecules or colloids to the surface of the medium without chemical reaction

A

Adsorption

76
Q

Is a method of treating relatively small-scale water supplies. In this process the water is exposed to ultraviolet radiation after it has been filtered

A

Ultraviolet irradiation

77
Q

The procedure is done by heating seawater then pumping water into a low pressure tank, where the water partially vaporized

A

Water desalination

78
Q

That portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called ___

A

aquifers

79
Q

As a source of water can be extracted in many different ways, wells..

A

Groundwater

80
Q

Are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, etc.

A

Wells

81
Q

This water comes from rains that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir known as aquifers

A

Water wells

82
Q

These can be constructed with hand tools or power tools. It can be dug to a depth of about 15 meters and can have the greatest diameter that a space may allow

A

Dug wells

83
Q

These are the simplest and usually the least expensive. A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the earth

A

Driven wells

84
Q

These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters deep. They are used when the earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in

A

Bored wells

85
Q

These requires more elaborate equipment of several types depending on the geology site

A

Drilled wells

86
Q

Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill pipe; a drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of earth which are then brought to the surface

A

Rotary drilling methods (either hydraulic or pneumatic)

87
Q

A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater. Surface sources include rivers, lakes, and ponds and impounding reservoirs

A

Surface water

88
Q

3 common types of pumps

A
  1. Positive displacemet
  2. Centrifugal
  3. Jet pumps
89
Q

A positive displacement pump having a plunger that moves back and forth within a cylinder equipped with check valves

A

Reciprocating pump

90
Q

Has a helical or spiral rotor. As the rotor turns, it traps water between it and the sleeve thus forcing the water to the upper end of the rotor

A

Rotary pump

91
Q

A turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve

A

Rotor

92
Q

This type of pump contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft

A

Centrifugal pump

93
Q

Has a vertical turbine located below groundwater levels and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the well casing at grade level

A

Turbine pump

94
Q

Are designed so that motor can be submerged along with the turbine without damage to itself and the its internal components

A

Submersible pump

95
Q

A venturi tube is added to the centrifugal pump. A portion of the water that is discharged from a centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down to a nozzle and venturi tube

A

Jet or ejector pump

124
Q

Is primarily harmful to people with heart, kidney, or circulatory ailments

A

Sodium

125
Q

Have laxative effects, it can enter groundwater from natural deposits of salts

A

Sulfates

126
Q

It sometimes enters groundwater in areas where it is found in abundance. Although not a health threat, it can cause an undesirable taste at concentrations above 5 mg/l

A

Zinc

127
Q

as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some minerals contained in rocks and soils

A

Chemical characteristics

128
Q

Potable water should be kept as free as possible from disease-producing organisms- bacteria, protozoa and viruses

A

Biological characteristics

129
Q

Coliform group which is present in fecal matter of humans as well as those of birds and other animals causes diseases

A

Bacteria

130
Q

4 water qualities

A
  1. Physical characteristics
  2. Chemical characteristics
  3. Biological characteristics
  4. Radiological characteristics
131
Q

13 water treatments

A
  1. Sedimentation
  2. Coagulation (Flocculation)
  3. Aeration (Oxidation)
  4. Ozonation
  5. Filtration
  6. Disinfection
  7. Distillation
  8. Fluoradation
  9. Corrosion control
  10. Nuisance control
  11. Adsorption
  12. Ultraviolet irradation
  13. Water desalination
132
Q

This process removes some suspended matter from water simply by allowing time and the inactivity of water to do the work of settling out heavier suspended particles

A

Sedimentation

133
Q

This process also removes suspended matter, along with some coloration. A chemical such as alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to turbulent water

A

Coagulation (Flocculation)

134
Q

This process can improve the taste and color of water, remove iron and manganese and decrease in corrosiveness. As much of the water surface as possible is exposed to air.

A

Aeration

135
Q

This is less esthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation process. It is commonly used in cooling tower treatment and in addition it has a very wide range of treatment application

A

Ozonation

136
Q

This very common treatment can remove suspended particles, some bacteria and some color

A

Filtration

137
Q

Used for rainwater application, low maintenance, easily constructed devices that should be cleaned as often as the turbidity of water demands. They are cleaned by the removal of filters, which are either washed for reuse or discarded

A

Slow Sand filters

138
Q

It requires control and the attention of the operation, and thus are rarely used for individual water systems.

A

Pressure sand filters

139
Q

This can be either vacuum or the pressure type. They require periodic attention to make it effective

A

Diatomaceous earth filters

140
Q

2 water distribution systems

A
  1. Direct pressure system

2. Indirect system

141
Q

2 under indirect system

A
  1. Upfeed and gravity return

2. Hydropneumatic system

BU 1 (5 decks)

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