WATER AND SODIUM Flashcards
Total body volume________which is _____ of our body weight
40L , 60%
_____comes from the intracellular fluid volume, or _____ of our body weight
25 L, or 40%
______comes from extracellular fluid volume, or ____ of our body weight
15 L, 20%
Give me two extracellular fluid volume
Interstitial fluid volume
Plasma volume
The interstitial fluid volume which comprises ____ or ___ of the ECF volume
12 L, 80%
The plasma volume holds little weight comprising _______ or _____ of ECF
3L, 20%
Refers to the water or fluid that is outside the cells but within the tissues
Interstitial fluid volume
Remaining 3L present in blood vessels
Plasma volume
_____ is the major extracellular cation - among the electrolytes found outside the cells
Sodium
Is the major extracellular anion
Chloride
______ is the major intracellular cation - it has the largest concentration in the cells
Potassium
______ is the major intracellular anion
Phosphate
_____is outside of the cell and ______ is inside the cell
Sodium and Potassium
Concentration of ions is maintained by:
Active transport and diffusion
Requires energy to move ions across the cellular membranes
Molecules move against the concentration gradient
Active transport
Example of active transport
ATPase-dependent Na K ion pumps
In active transport the ions will bind to carrier proteins and carrier proteins will use of _____ in order to allow substance inside and outside the cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
In the case of sodium, if it needs to go outside of the cell, the ______ is a good example of active transport
Sodium-potassium pump
For every 3 ions of sodium needed to go outside of the cell there is corresponding entry of ______
2 potassium ions from plasma
If sodium is inside the cell the body will _______if we cannot have _____
The body cannot monitor if we don’t have sodium
_______ is the major contributor of osmolality in the body
Sodium
_______ will be the major indicator if blood volume, plasma volume blood pressure
Sodium
There has to be greater volume of sodium outside the cell because this is where our __________ and ______ depend too
Thirst mechanism will depend and our antidiuretic hormone
If sodium is found outside it will be easily detected by the _________ inside the body
Osmoreceptor
If cells only depend on diffusion it will also lead to ________ and ________ we will have immediate _______ since sodium is equally distributed inside and outside of the cell which should not be allowed
This is regulated by the _______ which needs energy utilization
Poor blood volume and blood pressure regulation
Will have immediate - high blood
Sodium-potassium pump
Passive movement of ions across a membrane
Diffusion
Depends on size and charge of ion;
Molecules move along the concentration gradient
Diffusion
Whichever side has many molecules this will give up the excess molecules to the side which has lesser molecules in order to reach a _____
BALANCE
For example the if the sodium content inside the cell is 70 and outside is 30
_____ of the sodium will go out of the cell so both of them are _____
This satisfies the target of diffusion
20 and 50
Diffusion
What is the target of diffusion?
In the case of diffusion its target is to balance the concentration of a substance inside and outside the cell
What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Molecules goes eaily to cell membranes
Facilitated diffusion
The molecules will make use of a protein to be eliminated outside of the cell/to enter the cell
Molecules goes easily through the cell membrane
Molecule is transported with the use of a channel protein
Simple diffusion
The molecule will make use of a protein to be eliminated outside of the cell/ enter the cell
No energy will be used
Facilitated diffusion
Both active transport and facilitated diffusion make use of a _______
Carrier proteins
Give me the comparison between osmolality and osmolarity
Osmolality is the physical properties of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes
Per kilogram of solvent
While osmolarity refers to the concentration of solutes per liter of solvent
Physical property of a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes (expressed as millimoles) per kilogram of solvent w/w
Osmolality
Concentration of solutes per liter of solvent w/v
Osmolarity
Osmolality and osmolarity terms are similar because they are based on the concentration is solutes but the difference is the _________
Way of measuring the solvent where solutes are present
In the healthcare setting, we use materials with L/ml measurements compared to g/kg
What should we used?
Osmolarity is better used
Our body depends on the ______ as one of its main marker of osmilality
Concentration
The number or sodium molecules circulating in the plasma refers to ________
Plasma osmolality
One of the triggers for the release of renin and angiotensin is the _______
Low plasma osmolality
If there is too little solutes present in the blood, _____ Iis activated to increase the osmolality via the reabsorption of _____
RAAS - sodium
RAAS means
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
One of the effects of _______ is the release of _________ in the __________
Once _________ is released, one of its functions is to __________
Once______ is reabsorbed; the solute will increase in _____ therefore the _________ will be corrected
Angiotensin 2
Aldosterone
Adrenal gland
Aldosterone
Reabsorbed sodium
Sodium
Plasma
Low plasma osmolality
What is the normal plasma odmolality
Increased:
Decrease:
275-295 mosm/kg of plasma H2O
Osmoreceptors respond to small changes
Increased adh
Shuts off adh production
Give me the three functions of ADH
It will reabsorb water
If water is reabsorbed we can not urinate that often as there is ADH
Our body is oriented not to urinate because it will reabsorb water as there are too many solutes
What happens if water is reabsorbed?
Plasma will become diluted
Once plasma volume levels are high the dissolved substances will become diluted
The increase plasma osmolality will be corrected
_________ is one of the major mechanisms in the body to reabsorb water
AVP OR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Problem: hypersmolality and hypernatremia are related they are connected to high sodium levels
Adh will be released to reabsorb water
Problem: If blood volume is low example diarrhea….
Thirst mechanism will be activated
RAAS will be activated
Problem: If plasma volume is extremely high (hypervolemia)
Reused hormone: ANO (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE)
dilate vessels
Excrete water and sodium
_________is one of the causes of hypervolemia
Vasoconstriction
In _______ the blood vessels will expand
Vasodilation
Major electrocute concentration found outside the cell
Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
______ contains many substances that may affect osmolality therefore it is not counted
Plasma
Based on colligative properties of a solution
Freezing point
Boiling point
Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure
_______must be centrifuges to remove extraneous particles
Turbid specimen
An equilibrium of liquid and crystals
Slush
It is possible to cool water to as low as ____ and still have liquid water provided no crystals or particulate matter is present
This referred to as _________
-40C
Supercooled solution
Freezing can be also be started by _____ a supercooled solution with crystals
Seeding
How do we used vapor pressure to measure osmolality
The sample is inoculated onto a solute free paper disc in the sample holder
________ is immersed in the sample
Thermistor
Monovalent cation
Sodium ion
Most abundant cation in the ECF
Sodium ion
What are the three regulation is sodium ion
A intake if water in response to thirst
B excretion of water (affects ADH in response to changes in either blood volume osmolality)
C blood volume status (affects sodium excretion through aldosterone, angiotensin 1l2 and a trial NATRIURETIC peptide)
2 primary active transport
Na-kATPase pump
Na-k leak channels
Deficiency of aldosterone
Hypoadrenalism
Low potassium levels in the body means the tubules will prioritize the conservation in potassium
Potassium deficiency
______ are medications that will allow patients to lose water
Diuretic use
______ are commonly prescribed with patients that have edema
Diuretic use
Most commonly thiazide diuretics, the mechanism of action is to prevent the reabsorption if sodium in the tubules
Diuretics
No underlying condition
Water imbalance
Leads to dilution of plasma sodium that leads to hyponatremia
Increased water retention due to underlying condition
The body retained water because of abnormal release of ANTIDIURETIC hormone
SHADE syndrome of inappropriate arginine vasopressi hormone secretiob
There is no problem with the body of the patient but there is problem. During testing
Pseudohyponatremia
Patients with high glucose or diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Medication that blocks the action of the antidiuretic hormone
Conivaptan
The myeline sheath of neuron is lysed
Myelinolysis
Excess loss of water relative to sodium loss
Hypernatremia
