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CC LEC 2 > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

➔ Ordered by physicians to diagnose and monitor the
course of

A

ANEMIA

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2
Q

HEMOGLOBIN Can be performed separately or as part of the
routine

A

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)

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3
Q

Hematologic analyzers to date include
hemoglobin determination as a _________ included in CBC

A

STANDARD TEST

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4
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HEMOGLOBIN

➔ Main component of __________
➔ Transports _____ and __________
● When fully saturated, each gram of
hemoglobin holds ___________.
➔ _______________
➔ Binding, inactivation, and transport of nitric oxide
(NO)

A

RED BLOOD CELLS
OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE
1.34 mL of oxygen
Acid base balance

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5
Q

Hemoglobin molecule is composed of two different
pairs of polypeptide chains called _________ and four
___________, with one heme group embedded in
each of the four polypeptide chains

A

GLOBIN
HEME GROUPS

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6
Q

HEME STRUCTURE (2)

A
  1. Heme
  2. Globin
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7
Q

Heme consists of a ring of ____, ______, _______ called __________with a
divalent FERROUS IRON (Fe2+)

A

carbon,
hydrogen, and
nitrogen atoms
PROTOPORPHYRIN IX

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8
Q

When _________→ oxidized to ________) = CAN NO LONGER BIND TO
OXYGEN

A

ferrous iron
ferric state (Fe3+

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9
Q

Each heme is precisely located in a pocket or fold of
one of the _________

A

polypeptide chains

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10
Q

Hemoglobin is made up of ___________

A

4 PROSTHETIC HEME
GROUPS

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11
Q

If iron is lacking (decrease dietary intake or increase
loss from the blood) → Hemoglobin is not formed
sufficiently → thus leading to _________

A

ANEMIA

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12
Q

Ferrous (Fe2+) reversibly bound to oxygen

A

OXYHEMOGLOBIN

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13
Q

RELAXED FORM (with 2,3-BPG)

A

[2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid]
OXYHEMOGLOBIN

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14
Q

_____ is taken up at the iron atom until
each iron is bound with one oxygen
molecule → one hemoglobin molecule is
capable of binding with four oxygen
molecules

A

oxygen

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15
Q

Ferrous (Fe2+) NOT bound to oxygen

A

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN

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16
Q

➔ TENSE FORM (with 2,3-BPG)

A

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN

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16
Q

In the tissues, (oxygen tensions are LOW → down
to __________

17
Q

Primarily made up of protein
● Made up of two chain combination of a, b, d, e, g, or z.

18
Q

● A.k.a dysfunction hemoglobins

A

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

19
Q

Unable to transport oxygen.
● Form and may accumulate to toxic levels, after
exposure to certain triggers.

A

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

20
Q

DSHEMOGLOBIN
Severe impairment =
○ If not corrected =

A

can result to hypoxia
or cyanosis

will eventually lead to
death.

21
Q

Most cases are acquired; only a small fraction is
hereditary

A

DYSHEMOGLOBIN

22
Q

Normally 1-2%
● a.k.a Ferrihemoglobin or Hemiglobin

A
  1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)
23
Q

Formed by the reversible oxidation of Ferrous (Fe
2+

A
  1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)
24
Q

Color of blood (methemoglobinemia): chocolate
brown

A
  1. METHEMOGLOBIN (Hi)
25
Q

Most cases of methemoglobinemia is acquired,
resulting from exposure to certain drugs and
chemicals such as ______, ______, _______, ________

A

nitrates, nitrites, quinolones, and
chlorates

26
Q

CO (carbon monoxide) bound to heme

A
  1. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
27
Q

Has 210 times greater affinity to
hemoglobin than O22.

A
  1. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
28
Q

Silent killer; a tasteless, colorless, and
odorless gas - can make victimes quickly
hypoxic

A
  1. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
28
Q

● Binding is reversible

Carbon monoxide poisoning treatment is
use of __________ in order to
remove carbon monoxide in the blood

A

hyperbaric oxygen

29
Q

Color of blood and skin in HbCO poisoning: cherry
red

A
  1. CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
30
Q

Normally <1%
● Sulfur bound to heme (greenish pigment)
● Mixture of oxidized, partially denatured forms of
hemoglobin

A
  1. SULFHEMOGLOBIN (SHb)
31
Q

Color of blood (sulfhemoglobinemia):
mauve-lavender

A
  1. SULFHEMOGLOBIN (SHb)
32
Q

HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT IN THE LABORATORY
(3)

A
  1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY METHOD (COPPER SULFATE
    METHOD)
  2. ACID HEMATIN METHOD (SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD)
    Report results in grams per 100 mL of blood (g/dL)
  3. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD
    (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)
33
Q

Blood is diluted with Drabkin’s reagent. Potassium
ferricyanide oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
Potassium cyanide provides cyanide ions to form
cyanmethemoglobin.

A
  1. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD
    (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)
34
Q

The solution is read at 540mm wavelength and is
compared with that of a standard HiCN solution

A
  1. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD
    (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)
35
Q

Sample: EDTA whole blood

A
  1. CYANMETHEMOGLOBIN METHOD
    (HEMIGLOBINCYANIDE METHOD)
36
Q

Blood + 0.1 N HCI = Hemoglobin → Acid hematin
(dark brown colored compound)

A
  1. ACID HEMATIN METHOD (SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD)
37
Q

SG of blood > solution

38
Q

SG of blood < solution

39
Q

. ACID HEMATIN METHOD

A

(SAHLI-HELLIGE METHOD)

CC LEC 2 (4 decks)

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