Water And pH

Question 1

How is water balance regulated?

Answer 1

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), retention or excretion by kidneys, evaporative loss

Question 2

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidis

Answer 2

Inability to concentrate urine or adjust to subtle changes in pH.
From unresponsiveness of renal tubular osmoreceptors to ADH

Question 3

Acidosis

Answer 3

Caused by diabetic ketosis and lactic acidosis

Question 4

How to measure disturbances in acid base balance

Answer 4

pH of arterial blood, CO2 of veins

Question 5

Henderson Hasselbalch Equation

Answer 5

pH=pKa +log [A-]/[HA]

Use to calculate pH of weak acid or base using their ionization constants

Question 6

Hypoventilation

Answer 6

Lowers [HCO3-]/[CO2] ration and pH by increasing pCO2

Question 7

Hyperventilation

Answer 7

Increases ratio and pH by decreasing pCO2

Question 8

Isohydric Transport

Answer 8

Transport of CO2 without generating a change in blood pH.

Transport CO2 as HCO3-, uses hemoglobin oxyHb

Question 9

Chloride exchange

Answer 9

Helps maintain electrical neutrality during passage of HCO3- in red blood cells

Low Cl- high HCO3- in tissues plasma(venous)
High Cl- low HCO3- in lung plasma (arterial)

Question 10

Buffering region 8.25-10.25

Answer 10

NH3

Question 11

Buffering region 5.86-7.86

Answer 11

Phosphate H2PO4

Question 12

Buffering region 3.76-5.76

Answer 12

Acetate CH3COOH

Question 13

Lungs

Answer 13

Reduce pCO2 in blood, increases pH

Question 14

Kidneys

Answer 14

Keep [HCO3-] constant by retaining HCO3- and making more if needed and eliminate NaH2PO4 and NH4+ (urine)