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HLTH230 > Water And Minerals > Flashcards

Water And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

water

A

The body needs more water per day than any other nutrient

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2
Q

How long can you survive a deficiency of any other nutrient besides water

A

months or years

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3
Q

How long can you survive without water

A

a few days or more

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4
Q

What does a lack of water do to the body’s chemistry and metabolism

A

alters it

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5
Q

% of an adults body weight in water

A

60

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6
Q

water (3)

A
  1. found in blood and cells throughout the body
  2. participates in many chemical reactions
  3. delivers nutrients and removes waste from cells
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7
Q

water as a universal solvent

A
  1. dissolves AA, glucose, and minerals for transport
  2. Fatty substances get packaged with water-soluble proteins for transport in the blood and lymph
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8
Q

water as the body cleansing agent

A

Nitrogen wastes dissolve in blood and must be removed

Kidneys filter these wastes from the blood, mix them with water, and excrete them as urine

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9
Q

water’s role and function

A
  1. water is a universal solvent
  2. water is the body-cleansing agent
  3. waters incompressibility
  4. water lubricates
  5. water plays a role in thermoregulation
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10
Q

waters incompressibility

A
  1. enables it to act as a lubricant and cushion for joints
  2. cushions sensitive tissues (spinal cor, fetus)
  3. fills the eye, keeping optimal pressure
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11
Q

water lubricates

A

The digestive tract, respiratory tract, and all tissues that are moistened with mucus

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12
Q

Water’s Role in Thermoregulation

A

Sweat cools the body - evaporation.

blood routed through capillaries in the skin gets rid of excess heat

The cooled blood then flows back to the body’s core

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13
Q

water balance

A

water intake needs to equal water loss

Otherwise, dehydration or water intoxication/overhydration can occur

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14
Q

dehydration

A

Progression of symptoms: thirst  weakness 
exhaustion & delirium  death

  • Loss of < 5% bodyweight: headache, fatigue,
    confusion, forgetfulness, and an elevated heart rate
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15
Q

Chronic low fluid may increase the likelihood of

A

Bladder and colon cancer
* Heart attack
* Gallstones
* Kidney stones
* Urinary tract infections

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16
Q

water intoxication

A

Extremely dangerous
dilution of body fluids
resulting from excessive
water ingestion – usually
gallons or more in a few
hours

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17
Q

water intoxication symptoms

A

headache,
muscular weakness, lack of
concentration, poor
memory, loss of appetite –
convulsions & death

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18
Q

Body’s water content

A

Varies by kilograms at a time

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19
Q

what type of meal leads to water retention

A

high salt meal

Water is lost over a 1-2 day period as the sodium is secreted

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20
Q

sodium input

A

Sodium is primarily consumed through food and drink

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21
Q

sodium output

A

Sodium is excreted by the kidneys, and water follows sodium out of the body. The body’s ability to balance sodium levels plays a major role in fluid retention and overall hydration.

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22
Q

Thirst lags behind lack of water

A

Dehydration can threaten survival.

A water deficiency that develops slowly can switch on drinking behavior in time to prevent severe dehydration.

A water deficiency that develops quickly may not.

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23
Q

hypothalamus

A

significant role in monitoring blood concentration

High blood concentration (salt and other substances) or low blood pressure signals thirst

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24
Q

effects of prolonged vomiting or diarrhea

A

could result in fluid and electrolyte imbalance

life-threatening disruption of heartbeat

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25
Q

water intake recommendations

A

AI total water is 2.7L/day for females
AI total water is 3.7L/day for males

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26
Q

According to the DRI committee total water intake
includes

A

both caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages
* Food

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27
Q

water contents of food for
1. meats and cheese
2. veggies an fruit

A
  1. 50%
  2. 80-95%
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28
Q

hard water

A

Water with high calcium & magnesium
concentrations

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29
Q

soft water

A

Water with high sodium concentration.

may aggravate hypertension & heart disease

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30
Q

process of becoming minerals

A

the carbon in carbohydrates, fats, proteins &
vitamins combine with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide

  • The hydrogen & oxygen combine to form water -
    evaporates
  • All that is left behind is minerals (about 2.3kg)
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31
Q

What are minerals (properties)

A

chemical elements

inorganic

not energy-yielding

micronutrients

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32
Q

Can minerals be destroyed

A

minerals are inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity

Not destroyed by cooking or storing. May leach into the cooking water

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33
Q

minerals bioavailability

A

binders, such as phytates in legumes, bind with
minerals decreasing their absorption

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34
Q

major minerals

A

essential nutrients

Amounts exceed 5g

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35
Q

trace minerals

A

essential nutrients

amounts less than 5g

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36
Q

what are the major minerals

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulphur
sodium
chloride
magnesium

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37
Q

calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the body
* Approximately 99% is stored in bones & teeth

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38
Q

calcium 2 roles in bones

A

Integral part of bone structure
* Bone serves as a calcium reserve

Bone minerals are in constant flux

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39
Q

What two minerals are essential to bone formation

A

calcium
phosphorous

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40
Q

what does calcium phosphate salts crystallize on collagen and form

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

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41
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals

A

add rigidity to the bone

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42
Q

Fluoride may also displace the “hydroxy” part of the crystals and form what?

A

fluorapatite

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43
Q

fluorapatite

A

A mineral that resists bone-dismantling

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44
Q

calcium in the formation of teeth

A

Fluoride hardens and stabilizes the crystals of teeth and makes the
enamel resistant to decay

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45
Q

calcium and bones

A

Cells need continuous access to calcium; therefore, the body maintains a constant calcium concentration in the
blood

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46
Q

how is blood calcium-regulated

A

by hormones, not by daily intake

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47
Q

will day-to-day fluctuations affect blood calcium levels

A

no

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48
Q

When does calcium need to increase

A

Infants and children (children absorb more with growth), pregnant women, adults

When we need calcium, we absorb more and excrete less.

Loss of calcium via kidneys is reduced.

We absorb more as dietary intake decreases (with the help of vitamin D)

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49
Q

When is peak bone mass reached

A

by the late 20s (10 years after adult height is reached)

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50
Q

at what age do bones begin to reduce density & how can loss be slowed by

A

after 40 years

  1. a diet rich in calcium
  2. sufficient physical activity
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51
Q

What does insufficient bone calcium increase the risk of

A

osteoporosis (adult bone loss – bones become brittle and
fragile)

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52
Q

What percent of calcium is in body fluids, and 3 roles

A
  1. muscle contraction and relaxation
  2. nerve functioning
  3. blood clotting
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53
Q

good calcium sources

A
  • milk and milk products
  • fortified soy beverage and other fortified milk alternatives
  • fish with bones (canned salmon, sardines)
    calcium set tofu
  • Broccoli, some leafy greens and
    legumes
  • Fortified juice
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54
Q

On average are Canadians
meeting recommended for calcium

A

no

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55
Q

calcium deficiency

adult & children

A

adult - bone loss

children - stunted growth and weak bones

consumption of milk has declined

consumption of beverages such as soft drinks has greatly increased

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56
Q

calcium toxicity

A

constipation

kidney stones

interferes with the absorption of other minerals

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57
Q

calcium milk and milk replacements

A

People who do use milk because of lactose
intolerance, preference, dislike, or allergy must obtain
calcium from other sources

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58
Q

Children who don’t drink milk:

A

Often have lower calcium intakes
* Often have poorer bone health than those who drink
milk regularly

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59
Q

calcium vegetable sources

good and poor sources

A

good: Rutabaga, broccoli, beet greens,
collards, kale

poor:
Spinach, Swiss chard, rhubarb

  • Calcium content similar to milk
  • Provide little calcium
  • Binders in some vegetables
    inhibit calcium absorption
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60
Q

spinach (calcium)

A

Spinach, Swiss chard, rhubarb
* Calcium content similar to milk
* Provide little calcium
* Binders in some vegetables
inhibit calcium absorption

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61
Q

Dark greens of all kinds (calcium)

A

Superb sources of riboflavin

  • Indispensable for the vegan or anyone else who
    does not drink milk
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62
Q

osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency disease
leads to impaired
mineralization of bone

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63
Q

osteomalacia characterized

A

characterized by an
overabundance of
unmineralized bone protein

the ratio of bone mineral to
matrix is low

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64
Q

osteomalacia symptoms

A

bending of
the spine and bowing of the
legs

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65
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A reduction in bone mass of
older persons in which the
bone becomes porous and
fragile

The bone mineral to matrix
ratio is norma

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66
Q

According to the Osteoporosis Society of Canada

__ million people Canadians suffer from osteoporosis
1 in ___ women - osteoporotic fracture
1 in __ men - osteoporotic fracture
Treatment costs of osteoporosis $. billion annually

A

2

3

5

2.3 billion

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67
Q

osteoporosis most serious factor

A

hip fracture

The break is rarely clean - it breaks into fragments, preventing reassembling

About 1/5 die within year.

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68
Q

osteoporosis - “silent theif”

A

Osteoporosis is slowly decreasing bone density until
many years later, the hip gives way
* Break a hip and fall

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69
Q

Risk factors for
osteoporosis (High
Correlation)

age:
sex:
gender:
race:
weight:
habits:

A

Age: Advancing age
*Sex: Females higher
risk
*Heavy drinking
*Chronic steroid use
*Rheumatoid arthritis
*Being
underweight/weight loss
*Removal of ovaries or
testes
*Genetics – Family
history
*Race: White people at
increased risk

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70
Q

Risk factors for
osteoporosis
(Moderate Correlation)

A

Chronic thyroid hormone
use
* Smoking
* Type I diabetes
* Insufficient dietary
calcium and vitamin D
* Inadequate vitamin K
* Physical
inactivity/sedentary
lifestyle
* Excessive antacid use

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71
Q

Risks of osteoporosis differ by race

A

Black women have far fewer hip fractures than white women

  • Black race is correlated with being protective against osteoporosis
  • Black women have denser bones and lose density more slowly than white
    women
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72
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS sex and hormones

A

Women account for more than 2/3 of cases of osteoporosis.

  • Men have greater bone density than women at maturity
  • Women experience greater bone loss during menopause (Accelerated losses continue for 6 - 8 years following menopause &
    then tapers off)

Men produce only a little estrogen, yet they resist osteoporosis
better than women

Testosterone may play a role: Men experience more fractures with
reduced testosterone

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73
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - physical activity

A

Without physical activity, bones lose strength

Muscle use seems to promote bone strength

To keep bones healthy & to prevent falls:

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74
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - body weight

A

Being underweight or losing weight

  • Heavier body weights & higher body fatness stress the bones &
    promote their maintenance – but obesity may have negative effec
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75
Q

osteoperosis Tobacco Smoke & Alcohol

A

Bones of smokers are less dense
* People with heavy alcohol use experience more frequent fractures

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76
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - protein

A

Excess dietary protein causes the body to excrete calcium in the
urine

  • Research is not entirely clear as to whether or not a high-protein
    diet causes bone loss
  • Sufficient dietary protein is essential to bone health
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77
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - sodium

A
  • High sodium intake is associated with urinary calcium
    excretion

Lowering sodium intakes seems to lessen calcium losses

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78
Q

To lower sodium & increase potassium intake choose a diet

A

Rich in unprocessed foods such as fruits & vegetables
* Restricted in highly processed, convenience, or fast foods

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79
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS & caffeine

A

Some evidence linking the heavy consumption of
caffeinated beverages & osteoporosis but there is also
contradicting evidence

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80
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - soft drinks

A

May have adverse effects on calcium but why is unclear

  • High concentration of fructose sweetener or phosphoric acid
    may cause calcium loss?
  • Displace milk from the diet, especially in children & adolescents
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81
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - vitamin k

A

Plays important roles in the production of at least one bone
protein (osteocalcin) that participates in bone maintenance

  • People with hip fractures often have low vitamin K intakes
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82
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - magnesium

A

Helps maintain bone density

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83
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS - vitamin A

A

Needed in the bone-remodeling process

  • Too much may be associated with osteoporosis
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84
Q

PHOSPHORUS

A

Second most abundant mineral in body
* Majority found in bones and teeth

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85
Q

PHOSPHORUS roles

A

Helps maintain acid–base balance (buffers)

  • Part of DNA and RNA
  • Part of the molecules of the phospholipids
  • Metabolism of energy yielding nutrients
  • Assist many enzymes and vitamins in
    extracting energy
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86
Q

PHOSPHORUS - need and deficiency

A

Needs are easily met by almost any diet

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87
Q

PHOSPHORUS - source

A

Animal proteins are the best source
* Also found in cola drinks

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88
Q

PHOSPHORUS - toxicity

A

Calcification of soft tissues

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89
Q

where is MAGNESIUM found?

A

Half of body’s magnesium is in the bones

  • Remainder in muscles, heart, liver and other soft
    tissues
  • Only 1% in body fluids
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90
Q

To maintain concentration of magnesium in
the blood

A

Magnesium can be taken from bones

  • Kidneys can act to conserve magnesium
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91
Q

magnesium role

A

Assists in the functioning of more than 300 enzymes

  • Release & use of energy from energy-yielding nutrients
  • Works with calcium for the proper functioning of
    muscles

Involved in bone mineralization and promotes resistance
to tooth decay by holding calcium in tooth enamel

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92
Q

magnesium

A

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green
vegetables, seafood and chocolate

Most Canadians reach the EAR but are below RDA

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93
Q

MAGNESIUM Deficiency
* May occur as a result of

A

Inadequate intake, vomiting or diarrhea
* Alcoholism, protein-energy undernutrition
(malnutrition

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94
Q

magnesium Deficiency symptoms

A

Muscle weakness

  • Could relate to cardiovascular disease, heart attack,
    high blood pressure
  • Even with intakes above EAR and below RDA, overt
    deficiency symptoms are rare in healthy people
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95
Q

magnesium toxicity

A

Magnesium laxatives and antacids can cause
diarrhea and acid-base imbalance

Toxicity is rare but can be fatal

  • Only occurs with high intakes of nonfood sources such as supplements or magnesium salts
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96
Q

sodium

A

Positive ion in sodium chloride (table salt)
* 40% of the weight of sodium chloride

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97
Q

sodium roles

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance

  • Acid-base balance
  • Muscle contraction and nerve transmission
  • About 30-40% stored on bone crystals – easily accessible to maintain blood levels
98
Q

sodium deficiency

A

Unlikely - generally eat more salt than is needed

Occasionally a very strict low-sodium diet for hypertension,
kidney disease, or congestive heart failure can deplete the body
of sodium

Vomiting, diarrhea, or extremely heavy sweating could be a
cause

99
Q

Endurance athletes can lose so much salt and drink so much
water they become?

A

hyponatremic

100
Q

hyponatremic symptoms

A

headache,
confusion, stupor, seizures, coma

101
Q

sodium maintenance

A

Body absorbs sodium freely

  • Kidneys filter excess sodium out of the blood into the urine
  • Kidneys will also conserve sodium
  • Small sodium losses occur in sweat
  • The amount of sodium excreted in a day equals the amount
    ingested that day
102
Q

Salt and “Water Weight”

A

As blood sodium rises, a person gets thirsty. Thirst leads a person to drink until the sodium-to-water ratio is
restored

The kidneys then excrete the extra water, which
removes the excess sodium

103
Q

sodium Adequate intake:

A

1500mg/day (14 and up

104
Q

sodium CDRR

A

: 2300mg/day (14 and
up)

105
Q

sodium daily value

A

was 2400mg – now 2300mg on new food
labels

106
Q

Mean Canadian Intake: ___mg/day (CCHS 2015)
* Females 19-30: ___ mg/day
* Males 19-30: _____mg/day

A

2760mg/day (CCHS 2015)

  • Females 19-30: 2270 mg/day
  • Males 19-30: 3420 mg/day
107
Q

what has the greatest effect on blood pressure?

A

Salt (NaCl) seems to have a greater effect on blood
pressure than either sodium or chloride alone

108
Q

Sodium & Blood Pressure

A

High salt intakes associated with higher rates of hypertension, cardiovascular
disease & cerebral hemorrhage

  • There is a relationship between sodium and blood pressure
  • More salt = higher blood pressure
  • Increasing blood pressure= increasing risk of death from cardiovascular
    disease
109
Q

Sodium & Salt Sensitivity

A

In salt-sensitive people, the more salt they eat, the higher their blood pressure

People with diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease
* People of African descent;
* Family history of high blood pressure
* anyone over the age of 50

110
Q

What diet may help salt-sensitive &
non-salt-sensitive people

A

DASH diet
* This diet often achieves lower blood pressure than
restriction of sodium alone

111
Q

DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet

A

Greatly increased intake of vegetables and fruits

  • Adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy
    products
  • Occasional small portions of red meat, butter, & other
    high-fat foods and sweets
  • Salt & sodium are greatly reduced
112
Q

___ Potassium intake found to raise blood pressure
___ Potassium intake appears to both help
prevent & correct hypertension

A

low

high

113
Q

Excessive salt may:

A

stress a weakened heart (congestive heart failure)
* aggravate kidney problems
* may be potential contributor to stomach cancer

114
Q

Labelling regulations also allow a health claim linking
sodium & potassium to _____

A

hypertension

115
Q

controlling Salt Intake
unprocessed food
salt
processed foods

A

unprocessed food (15%)
salt (10%)
processed foods (75%)

116
Q

SODIUM sources mg

A

1 teaspoon of salt 2300mg of sodium

117
Q

SODIUM sources processed foods

A

Canned soup and dried soup mixes
* Cured meats, deli meats hot dogs
* Cheese – especially processed
* Foods in a brine – pickles, coleslaw
* TV dinners and fast food
* Canned pasta sauce

118
Q

SODIUM sources

A

Salt
* Soy sauce
* Onion salt
* Garlic salt
* Worcestershire sauce

119
Q

CHLORIDE

A

Major negative ion in the body

120
Q

chloride role

A

Acid-base balance
* Electrolyte balance
* Component of hydrochloric acid

121
Q

chloride sources

A

Salt: Both added & naturally occurring

122
Q

chloride Deficiency

A

No known diet lacks chloride

123
Q

POTASSIUM

A

The principal positively charged ion inside the body’s cells

124
Q

POTASSIUM Roles include:

A

Maintenance of fluid balance
* Maintenance of electrolyte balance
* Maintenance of heartbeat

125
Q

POTASSIUM deficiency

Heart failure due to inadequate potassium or potassium loss may
cause the sudden deaths that occur with:

A

asting or severe diarrhea
* in children with kwashiorkor
* people with eating disorder

126
Q

POTASSIUM deficiency

A

Heart failure due to inadequate potassium or potassium loss may
cause the sudden deaths that occur with:

  • Dehydration leads to potassium loss from the cell
  • Some diuretics
  • With low potassium intake hypertension becomes wors
127
Q

Potassium intake

A
  • Generally, for healthy people, a reasonable diet provides
    enough potassium to prevent dangerously low blood
    potassium
128
Q

potassium sources

A

Richest sources of potassium are fresh, whole foods
* potassium is abundant in cells
* food processing reduces the potassium in foods
* Oranges (juice), bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, avocados,
strawberries, spinach and cantaloupes are particularly rich

129
Q

potassium toxicity

A

Potassium from food is safe

  • Potassium injected into a vein can stop the heart
  • Over-the-counter potassium chloride pills should
    not be used except on a physician’s/ nurse
    practitioner’s advice
  • Salt-substitutes often contain high amounts
  • Usually, potassium overdoses are not life- threatening as long as the excess potassium is
    taken orally – vomiting reflex
130
Q

SULPHATE/SULPHUR - sources

A

Required for the synthesis of many important sulphur-
containing compounds

131
Q

SULPHATE/SULPHUR Sources:

A

Protein containing foods

132
Q

SULPHATE/SULPHUR - Deficiencies:

A

Unknown

133
Q

SULPHATE/SULPHUR - toxicity

A

Diarrhea

134
Q

What are minerals

A

inorganic elements that retain their chemical identity

not destroyed by cooking or storing. may leach into cooking water

135
Q

mineral bioavailability

A

Binders, such as phytates in legumes, bind with minerals, decreasing their absorption

136
Q

Do minerals yield energy

A

no

137
Q

list the trace minerals

A

iodine
iron
zinc
sulphur
selenium
fluoride
chromium
copper

138
Q

iodine role

A

integral part of thyroxine (horome)
- made by the thyroid gland - regulation of basal metabolic rate

139
Q

iodine deficiency

A

enlarged thyroid (goiter) enlarged to trap iodine
- sluggishness
- weight gain

140
Q

what can severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy cause

A

congenital hypothyroidism

141
Q

What is Congenital Hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine Deficiency during pregnancy

-Extremes irreversible mental and physical development delay
-Most preventable causes of intellectual delay

142
Q

What foods contain goitrogens, and what do they do in terms of iodine deficiency

A

Collards, Kale and Brussels Sprouts
-Inhibit iodine uptake by the thyroid
-Inhibits thyroxine productions

143
Q

What results of iodine toxicity?

A

Enlarged thyroid Gland
Can be deadly in very large amounts

144
Q

What are sources of iodine?

A

-Soil
-Seafood: from ocean
-Iodied Salt (less than half-teaspoon meets entire days rec.)
-Seas salt has little
-Liberal use of iodized salt in fast-food and other restaurants
-Bakery Products in dough conditioners
-Milk: 1 cup = 1/2 day intake because most dairies use iodine to disinfect milking equipment

145
Q

What is a essential nutrient and deficiency problem for many people?

A

iron

146
Q

What contains most of the bodies iron?

A

1)Hemoglobin (o2 carrying)
2)Myoglobin (o2 holding in mucles)

147
Q

Roles of Iron x3

A

1)Carries O2
2)Helps many enzymes use O2
3)Iron is needed to make new cells, AA, hormones and neurotransmitters

148
Q

What does the liver put into the red blood cells sent to it from bone marrow
-Then recycle after red blood cells die

A

iron

149
Q

How is Iron Balance Maintained?

A

absorption

150
Q

What are the sources of iron loss in the body?

A

1)Small amounts in nail clippings, hair cutting, shed skin cells
2)Bleeding (sig)

151
Q

How does the body obtain iron?

A

-Only 10-15% absorption
-Increases with diminished
body supply and with the
need
-Decreases when iron is
abundant

152
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

An iron storage protein stores iron in mucosal cells of the small intestine

153
Q

What does ferritin do when Iron is needed?

A

Iron is released to transferrin and travels through the blood to the body.

154
Q

What does ferritin do when Iron is excess?

A

Iron is shed with the intestinal cells which are replaced every 3-5 days.

155
Q

Why do protein carry iron molecules away from vulnerable body compounds?

A

Cuz Free Iron is a powerful oxidant and free-radicals can damage cells

156
Q

What are the two things that happen when a person lacks iron?

A

1)Iron Deficiency
2)Iron Deficiency Anemia

157
Q

What is Iron Deficiency

A

-Result of absorption not compensating for losses or low dietary intake

158
Q

What is stage 1 iron deficiency

A

Decreased iron stores

159
Q

What is stage 2 iron deficiency

A

Depleted iron stores

160
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia?

A

A person can be deficient without being anemic

-Anemia referes to depletion of iron stores resulting in low blood hemoglobin (stage 3)

161
Q

What occurs with iron deprivation?

A

1)Insufficient hemoglobin production to fill new blood cells
2)Anemia
3)Cells contain too little hemoglobin and deliver too little O2
4)Limit cell’s energy metabolism
5)Tiredness, Apathy, A tendency to feel cold

162
Q

T or F symptoms of iron deficency often mistaken for behavioural or emotional problems?

A

True
Cause fatigue and impair physical work capacity and productivity

163
Q

What is Pica?

A

Craving for non-food substances sometimes occurs with iron deficiency.
-Clays and soils
-Contain substances that inhibit iron absorption
-Displace food substances and have contaminants

164
Q

What are 2 causes of Iron Deficiency and Anemia?

A

1)Malnutrition, inadequate iron intake
2)Non-nutritional causes of anemia (losses or increased need) (blood loss, pregnancy, growing child)

165
Q

Where is 80% of the bodies iron stored?

A

blood

166
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency?

A

Iron Deficiency 1.2 Billion

167
Q

What is Hemochromatosis?

A

iron ovrerload

168
Q

How does the body defend against iron overload? 4

A

Controlling Iron Entry
1)Hepcidin (hormone secreted by the liver that limits iron absorption)
2)Small Intestine traps some iron and holds it within their boundaries (mucosal cells)
3)When intestinal mucosal cells are shed the excess iron they collected is lost
4)Iron stores are filled, less iron is absrobed

169
Q

T or F iron is difficult to excrete one absorbed

A

T

170
Q

T or F Iron Overload often has a strong genetic component

A

T
Inherited Disease
Caucasian Men

171
Q

Why does Iron Overload Occur?

A

The intestine continues to absorb iron at a high rate despite excess iron buildup in the body tissues

172
Q

What are the early symptoms of iron overload?

A

General and vague
Fatigue
Mental Depression
Abdominal Pains

173
Q

What are late symptoms of iron overload?

A

Tissue Damage
Liver Failure
Abnormal heart Beat
Diabetes
Infections because bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood

174
Q

T or F Dangers of iron overload are an argument against high-level iron fortification of foods

A

T

175
Q

Iron-fortified food pose no risk for healthy people

A

T

176
Q

T or F Iron supplements can reverse iron-deficiency anemia from dietary causes

A

T

177
Q

Vitamin C _______ Iron Absorption?

A

ehances

178
Q

T or F adult men often experience iron-deficiency anemia

A

False: but if so may have unknown bleed

179
Q

How much more iron are vegetarians advised to obtain?

A

1.8x

180
Q

T or F Preggo Women Need Iron Supplements

A

true

181
Q

What are the 2 forms of iron?

A

Heme Iron
Nonheme Iron

182
Q

What is Heme Iron?

A

Bound To Heme
Iron-containing part of hemoglobin and myoglobin found in meat poultry and fish

183
Q

What is Nonheme Iron

A

Found in foods from plants and meat, poultry and fish

184
Q

Which of the to Nonheme or heme, is better at absorbing iron?

A

heme iron

185
Q

Healthy people with adequate iron stores absorb heme iron at a rate of__

A

23%

186
Q

people absorb nonheme iron at rates of

A

2-20%

187
Q

What is the MFP factor of iron absorption?

A

Promotes the absorption of nonheme iron from other foods eaten at the same time
Meat, Fish and Poultry

188
Q

What are the 3 that impair iron absorption?

A

Tannins
Calcium and Phosphorus
Phytates
(BLACK TEA)

189
Q

3 Sources of Iron?

A

1)Red meats, Fish, Poultry, Shellfish, Eggs
2)Legumes, green leafy veggies and dried fruit
3)Cooking in iron pan

190
Q

What is there a very small quantity in the human body?

A

zinc

191
Q

What is the role of zinc?

A

-Work with proteins in every body organ
-Helps more than 300 Enzymes to:
-Make parts of the cell’s genetic material
-Make heme in hemoglobin
-Assist the pancreas with its digestive functions
-Help metabolize carbohydrates, protein and fat
-Liberate vitamin A from storage in the liver
-Assists in Immune Function
-Regulation of Gene Expression
-Taste Perception
-Wound Healing
-Sperm Production
-Fetal Development
-Growth and Development in Children
-Affects behaviour and learning
-Produces the active form of vit A in visual pigments
-Protective role in oxidative damage

192
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

-Adverse affects on growth
-Profoundly alters digestive function and causes diarrhea, which worsens the malnutrition already present
-Drastically impairs immune response
-Infection of the intestinal tract worsens malnutrition
-Poor Wound Healing
-Abnormal Taste
-Abnormal vision in the dark
-Even a mild deficiency can result in impaired immunity

193
Q

What is zinc deficiency often misdiagnosed as?

A

General malnutrition and sickness because symptoms are so vast

194
Q

T or F Zinc deficiencies are widespread in developed countries.

A

false

195
Q

How is zinc primarily lost?

A

feces

196
Q

What is the effect of zinc on the body after a meal?

A

Lots of zinc because pancreatic juice is rich in zinc so after the body gets zinc from the food and the pancreatic enzymes

197
Q

T or F High doses of zinc can inhibit iron absorption

A

True: Protein that carriers iron from the digestive tract to tissues also carries zinc

198
Q

What can occur with too much zinc?

A

-May reduce blood concentration of HDL
-Can block copper absorption and lower the body’s copper content
-Inhibit iron absorption

199
Q

What is zinc absorption limited by?

A

Phytates

200
Q

What is the % intake for zinc absoption?

A

15%-40%

201
Q

What are Major Food Sources of Zinc?

A

Meats
Shellfish
Poultry
Milk and Dairy Products

202
Q

What are the plant sources of zinc?

A

Some Legumes
Whole Grains
*Not absorbed as well

203
Q

What is the role of Selenium?

A

1)Works to prevent the formation of free radicals and prevent oxidative harm to cells and tissue
2)Plays roles in activating thyroid hormone
3)Shares some of the characteristics of sulphur and can, therefore sometimes occur in place of sulphur in AA

204
Q

What occurs from selenium deficiency?

A

1)Cancer
2)Heart Disease
-Keshan Disease (heart enlargement)

205
Q

What are the symptoms of selenium toxicity?

A

Nausea
Abdominal Pain
Hair Loss
Nerve Abnormalities

206
Q

What causes selenium toxicity ?

A

Long-Term Supplementation

207
Q

What are sources of Selenium?

A

-Meats
-Shellfish
-Veggies and Grains grown in selenium-rich soils

208
Q

T or F Selenium Diet is Adequate if food is unprocessed?

A

True

209
Q

T or F Benefits have been seen in selenium supplements?

A

F only true if selenium deficient

210
Q

What mineral is not essential to life but beneficial?

A

Fluoride

211
Q

What is the role of fluoride?

A

Crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
-Forms more decay-resistant fluorapatite in developing teeth

212
Q

What doe fluoride replace in hydroxyapatite

A

Hydroxy

213
Q

Sources of Fluoride?

A

Primary Source: Fluoridated Drinking Water
tea and seafood

214
Q

What is the result of fluoride deficiency?

A

Fluoride is missing incidence of dental decay is high
-Fluoridation is way to prevent

215
Q

What is the result of fluoride toxicity?

A

Fluorosis-discolouration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by EXCESS fluoride during tooth development
IRREVERSABLE

216
Q

What is the role of Chromium?

A

Works closely with insulin to regulate and release energy from glucose

217
Q

Deficiency of Chromium results in

A

Impaired Insulin Action: Resulting diabetes-like condition of high blood glucose

218
Q

What resolves chromium deficiency?

A

Chormium Supplementation

219
Q

T or F supplements can cure common forms of diabetes

A

False
-Research however in management in type 2

220
Q

What are the sources of chromium?

A

Widely distributed in the food supply
-Especially in unrefined foods and whole grains
-Liver
-Whole Grains
-Nuts and Cheese

221
Q

T or F chromium is lost in food processing?

A

t

222
Q

What is the role of copper?

A

-Formation of hemoglobin and collagen
-Many enzymes depend on copper for its handling ability
-Plays a role in the body’s handing of iron
-Assists in reactions leading to the release of energy
-One copper-dependant enzyme (superoxide dismutase) helps control damage from free-radical activity in the tissues

223
Q

T or F copper deficiency is rare?

A

true

224
Q

How can zinc cause copper deficiency?

A

Excess zinc interferes with copper absorption and can cause deficiency

225
Q

What is Menkes Disease?

A

Result of Copper Deficiency

-Intestinal cells absorb copper but can’t release it into circulation causing deficiency

226
Q

What are the symptoms of Copper Deficiency?

A

Severely disturb growth and metabolism

-In adults, it can impair immunity and blood flow through arteries

227
Q

What is the disease that occurs with copper toxicity?

A

Wilson’s Disease: Copper accumulates in liver and brain

228
Q

T or F copper deficiency comes from supplementation and not foods?

A

true

229
Q

T or F Copper intakes in canada are inadequate?

A

false

230
Q

What are sources of copper?

A

Organ Meats
Seafood
Nuts and Seeds
Whole Grains
Water: From pipes

231
Q

What is the role of molybendum?

A

Functions as a part of several metal-containing enzymes

232
Q

What is the role of manganese?

A

Works with enzymes

233
Q

What is the role of Boron?

A

Influences activity of enzymes

234
Q

What is the role of Cobalt?

A

-Mineral of Vit B12 (Cobalamin)

235
Q

What is the role of Nickel?

A

-Important for the health of many body tissue

236
Q

What is the result of nickel deficiency?

A

Harm to the liver and other organs

237
Q

What is the role of silicon?

A

Bone calcification in animals

238
Q

Future research may reveal key roles of these 8 trace minerals?

A

Barium
Cadmium
Lead
Lithium
Mercury
Silver
Tin
Vanadium

239
Q

What is the role of Arsenic?

A

-Known Poision and Carcinogen
-May be essential in small quantities

240
Q

Overall what is the general rule for toxicity of all trace minerals?

A

toxic in excess

241
Q

Overall, what causes toxicity/overdose of trace minerals?

A

Overdoses ar emore likely to occur in those who take supplements

HLTH230 (7 decks)

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