Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLTH230 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

organic compounds
do not yield energy (do not provide calories)
micronutrients
vital to life
indispensable to body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Precursors (provitamins)

A
  1. compounds that transform into active vitamin forms

ie: beta- carotene in carrots turns into Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Measuring vitamins

A

includes the vitamin and its activity from its precursor (ie beta carotene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bioavailability

A

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary Deficiency

A

Caused by inadequate dietary intake
Example: Vegetarians may have a deficiency in B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary Deficiency

A

Caused by factors other than inadequate intake (e.g., disease or drug interactions that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion or destroys the nutrient )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

subclinical deficiency

A

a deficiency in the early stages, before the outward signs have appeared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E , K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fat soluble vitamins GENERAL characteristics

A
  1. absorbed into the lymph
  2. require bile for absorption
  3. travel in blood in association with protein carriers
  4. stored in tissues - liver and fatty tissues
  5. may be toxic in excess
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

b vitamins, vitamin c,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

water soluble vitamins general characteristics

A
  1. absorbed directly into bloodstream
  2. travel freely in bloodstream
  3. most are not stored to any great extent
  4. excess excreted in urine
  5. lower risk of toxicity than fat-soluble vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A, D, E , K found in?

A

fats, oils of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does A, D, E , K require for absorption?

A

bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A, D, E , K stored in?

A

liver, fatty tissues until needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how long can the body survive without eating A, D, E , K?

A

weeks

when diet provides average amounts that meet recommendations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what fat soluble vitamins from supplements easily reach toxic levels?

A

A, D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fat soluble vitamins deficiency

A

low in fat soluble vitamins

fat malabsorption

mineral oil laxatives can cause vitamin loss

low fat diets interfere with absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vitamin A active forms

A

retinol
retinal
retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

vitamin a plant-derived precursor:

A

beta-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vitamin A role

A
  1. vision
  2. gene expression
  3. maintenance of body linings and skin
  4. immunity
  5. growth of bones and of the body
  6. normal development of cells
  7. critical importance to reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vitamin A eyesight

A
  • light passes through the cornea before striking the retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vitamin A cornea maintenance

A

Vitamin A is crucial for keeping the cornea clear

Deficiencies can lead to total blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vitamin A Keratinization

A

Accumulation of keratin in the cornea occurs with Vitamin A deficiency

Can lead to xerosis (drying and thickening of the cornea), causing permanent blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vitamin A - how to reverse damage

A

If detected early, keratinization can be reversed with Vitamin A supplementation or regular consumption of fruits and vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vitamin A Retina Maintenance

A

Vitamin A is important for the retina, which helps with night vision

It supports the signaling of vision to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Role of rhodopsin Vitamin A

A

Light bleaches rhodopsin (Vitamin A-containing pigment)

Breaks off Vitamin A, sending an impulse to the brain’s optic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Regeneration of Vitamin A

A

Vitamin A must regenerate to maintain vision

If levels run low, night vision can be impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens if vitamin a supply runs low

A

night blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

vitamin a night blindness

A

A lag occurs before the eyes can adjust to darkness after
exposure to bright light

Longer recovery time from bright lights affects night vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of tissues need vitamin A and why?

A

epithelial tissues because these tissues serve as protection from pathogens as well as to other damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what vitamin promotes cell differentiation

A

vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vitamin A
Control of gene expression

A

retinoid acid activates or deactivates certain genes thereby affecting protein production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

vitamin A immunity

A

plays a role in the regulation of genes that produce immune systems proteins

deficiency can lead to a spiral of malnutrition and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vitamin A growth

A

assists in growth of bone and teeth - needed in the dismantling step of old bone structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

cell differentiation and maturation are impaired

failure of mucus producing cells to produce mucus

a subsequent increase in keratin producing cells

tissues more vulnerable to infection
ie: respiratory infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

vitamin A deficiency around the world

A

in up to 10 million children world wide

xerophthalmia and blindness

diarrhea and reduced food intake worsens condition

approx. 275 million more children suffer milder deficiency (impaired immune system and increased infection risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

who does vitamin A supplementation benefit

A

people suffering complications from diseases such as malaria, lung diseases and HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

vitamin a TOXICITY

A

supplements or fortified foods

may weaken bones, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, stunted growth, liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

vitamin A toxicity

short & longer term symptoms

A

short: loss of appetite, blurred vision, headache, skin itching

Long-term: bone weakening, and hip fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

vitamin A toxicity Pregnant women

A

fetal malformation - teratogenic

  • chronic use of supplements exceeding recs

single large does (100x need)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Accutane is derived from what vitamin

A

vitamin A

*vitamin A supplements do not help with acne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

can beta-carotene cause vitamin A toxicity

A

NO

*can turn yellow/orange due to deposition in subcutaneous fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

can healthy people eat large amounts of vitamin A rich foods without risking toxicity?

A

yes

*liver may be a possible exception to this
(polar bear liver especially high)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

beta carotene

A

most abundant of the carotenoid precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is vitamin A activity for vitamin A precursor’s measured in

A

retional activity equivalents (RAE)

12mcgs of beta carotene - 1 microgram RAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

does eating carrots really promote good vision?

A

bright (deep) orange fruits and veggies and dark green veggies are rich in beta carotene and have a role in healthy eyesight.

does not improve vision if vitamin a intake is already adequate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does lack of foods in beta carotene increase the risk of

A

macular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

benefits of beta carotene rich foods

A

reduced risk of cancer

benefit not seen with supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

beta carotene supplements are associated with increased risk of what in smokers

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

major dietary antixoidants

A

beta carotene

vitamin E

vitamine C

selenium

& many phytochemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Vitamin A recommendations

A

vitamin A is found in foods of animal origin

beta carotene is found in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

good food sources of vitamin A

A

liver and fish oil

fortified milk and milk products

eggs

beta carotene
- dark green leafy foods (spinach, bok choy)

  • rich yellow and deep orange foods (carrots, potato, pumpkin and apricots)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Vitamin D

A

not essential (in some areas)

the body can make all it needs with help of sunlight

many people may border on vitamin D insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

role of vitamin D

A

regulation of blood calcium and phosphorus levels and maiNTAIN BONES INTEGRITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how does vitamin D help raise blood calcium levels

A

promotes calcium absorption

promotes calcium retention by the kidneys

draws calcium from bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

vitamin D function as a hormone

A

plays a role in the brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, reproductive organs, some cancer cells, stimulates cell maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

high blood pressure

some cancers

type 1 diabetes

heart disease

rheumatoid arthritis

IBS

multiple sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

vitamin D defieciency RICKETS

A

disease in children

abnormal bone growth

bowed legs, outward bowed chest, knobs on ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what does health canada recommend all breastfed healthy term infants receive each day

A

400 IU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

risk for bone loss later in life due to potential lack of vitamin D in adolescents who

A
  1. consume beverages with no vitamin d, rather than vitamin d fortified milk or alternatives
  2. prefer indoor to outdoor activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

older individuals have painful joints and muscles due to low levels of which vitamin

A

vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

osteomalacia

A

adult form of rickets

most often occurs in women withL

  1. low calcium intake
  2. little exposure to the sun
  3. who go through repeated pregnancies and periods of lactation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

too much vitamin D - a danger to soft tissue

symptoms

A

appetite loss,
nausea
vomiting
increased urination
increased thirst
severe psychological depression (effects on the CNS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what vitamin is the most toxic in excess

A

vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

vitamin D continued overdose:

A

cause dangerously high blood calcium level, forcing calcium to be deposited in soft tissue

  • heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

how can people make a vitamin from sunlight

A

UV exposure to a cholesterol compound in the skin transforms it into a vitamin D precursor which is absorbed into the blood

liver and kidneys then convert precursor to active form of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

skin synthesis of vitamin D poses no risk of toxicity

A

the sun begins breaking down excess vitamin D made in the skin

generally being outside promotes sufficient ski synthesis of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

factors affecting sun exposure and vitamin d synthesis

A

skin colour, air pollution, city living, clothing, geography, indoor lifestyle, season, sunscreen, time of day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

why type of sunscreen can reduce su risks but also prevent vitamin D synthesis

A

SPFs of 8 +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

health canada guide for vitamin D

A

canadians over 50, 400 iU supplement/day (2007)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

sources of vitamin D

A

sunlight

small amount of butter, cream, fortified margarine

fortified milk

egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (mackerel and almon) fish oil

only certain fortified plant sources exist: margarines and some plant based beverages (soy)

mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

vitamin e

A

consists of 4 tocopherol compounds

alpha, beta, gamma, delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the gold standard for vitamin E activity

A

alpha tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

vitamin e antioxidant activity

A

depending the body against oxidative damage

vitamin e is preferentially oxidized, thus protecting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what does vitamin e oxidative damage result from

A

free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

free radicals formed

A

formed during normal metabolism disrupt the structure of cellular lipids, dna and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

free radical activity may contribute to ..

A

development of cancer, heart disease or other diseases

78
Q

vitamin e antixoidant effect

A

especially crucial in the lungs - cells are exposed to high oxygen concentrations

protects red blood cells, white blood cells

79
Q

vitamin e other roles

A

might play other roles in immunity

plays a role in nerve dev

80
Q

do vitamin e supplements generally provide health benefits?

A

no unless deficient

81
Q

vitamin e deficiency infants

A

born before transfer of vit. E from the mother to the infant

82
Q

vitamin e deficiency infants

erythrocyte hemolysis

A

rupturing of the red blood cells which result in anemia

83
Q

vitamin e deficiency adults

A

nerve damage (loss of muscle coordination and reflexes w impaired movement, vision and speech)

ass w fat malabsorption diseases: damaged liver, gallbladder or pancreas

low intale (low fat diet)

84
Q

2 ways vitamin e is destroyed

A

heat processing and oxidation

85
Q

vitamin e toxicity

A

no toxicity has been seen with natural food sources

large doses may increase the effects of anticoagulant medications

may be an increased risk of death in those taking more than 400IU from a supplement

86
Q

vitamin e food sources

A

widespread in foods

veggie oils (salad dressing, shortening)

avocados (good)
wheat germ (good)

smaller amounts from meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk products, nuts, seeds

animal fat have almost no vitamin E

87
Q

vitamin k functions

synthesis of blood clotting proteins

A

(interferes with the function of certain anticoagulant medications) blood thinners warafarin/Coumadin

consistent intake of vitamin k rich foods

avoid drastic changes and self prescription of vitamin k supplements

88
Q

vitamin k functions

A

synthesis of blood clotting proteins

synthesis of normal form of bone proteins that bind minerals to bone

89
Q

vitamin k sources

A

intestinal bacteria (cannot meet the bodys need)

leafy green veggies (dark = richest)

canola and soybean oils

eggs and milk contain small amounts

liver is the only rich animal source

90
Q

newborns are given a dose of vitamin k

A

sterile GI tract

vitamin k producing bacteria will establish themselves

91
Q

vitamin k deficiency

whos at risk?

A

unlikely in adults

  • newborns
    antibiotic treatment: kills both the beneficial & harmful bacteria in their intestinal tract
  • fat malabsorption
92
Q

vitamin k toxicity

A

no UL

rare among healthy adults

infants & pregnant women: toxicity can result from over-supplementation with synthetic vitamin K

93
Q

vitamin c and b

A

easily absorbed

cooking and washing with water leaches them out of food

excess readily excreted in urine

94
Q

how to meet vitamin c and b needs

A

choose foods daily that are rich in water soluble vitamins

95
Q

water soluble vitamins toxicity

A

can occur from the large doses concentrated in some vitamin supplements
(expensive urine)

96
Q

vitamins for athletes

A

athletes with an appropriate diet generally don’t need vitamin supplements
(increased energy needs therefore more food)

97
Q

vitamin c

A

over 200 years ago the crew on ships had a 50% chance of dying

short trips near the med sea = no scury

98
Q

scurvy

A

vitamin c (ascorbic acid) deficiency

99
Q

roles of vitamin c

A

maintenance of connective tissues

antioxidant

100
Q

role of vitamin c maintenance of connective tissues

A

formation and maintenance of collagen

component of bones teeth, skin, tendons scar tissue, capillaries

101
Q

role of vitamin c antioixidant

A
  1. protect substances found in foods and the body
  2. protects iron from oxidation promoting its absorption
  3. protects blood constituents from oxidation and helps protect vitamin e and return it to its active form
  4. research generally shows supplements have no been proven to protect against ehart disease. cancer other diseases
  5. supplements are useful to treat a deficiency disease
102
Q

vitamin c deficiency symptoms

A

most scurvy symptoms are due to collagen breakdown

loose teeth, bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, anemia, tenderness to touch, weakness, swollen ankles and wrists, loss of appetite, growth cessation

103
Q

risk of scurvy low in north america. exceptions:

A

some elderly people

low intake of veg/fruit and a poor appetite

people excperiencin food insecruity

people with drug or alcohol addictions

infants fef cows milk who do not recieve breast mil or formula

104
Q

how many mg do you need of vitamin c to cure scurvy

A

100mg

105
Q

vitamin c and colds

A

2g per day for 2 weeks seems to reduce blood histamine

the placebo effect

106
Q

vitamin c

2g per day for 2 weeks seems to reduce blood histamine

A

the substance respobsible for sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, swollen sinuses

at these doses vit c may work like a weak antihistamine

its antioxidant or other activites may improve the. bodys immunity

107
Q

is too much vit c hazardous to health

A

vit c from food is safe

adverse effects include digestive upsets

massive doses may iterfere with meds to prevent blood clotting

may be dangerous for ppl w an overload of iron

108
Q

vit c & colds

the placebo affect

A

group w placebo reported having fewer colds

109
Q

is too much vitamin c hazardous to health?

A

vitamin c from food is safe

adverse effects include digestive upsets, such as nausea, abdominal cramps, excessive gas, diarrhea

massive doses may interfere with meds to prevent blood clotting

may be dangerous for people with an overload of iron

109
Q

what is rda of vitamin c set to for smokers

A

35mg higher

109
Q

food sources of vitamin c

A

citrus fruits

dark green veggies

cabbage type veggies

strawberries, cantaloupe, lettuce, tomato, broccoli, papaya, mangos, red bell pepper

potatoes

110
Q

vitamin c in fruits and veggies are prone to destruction by?

A

heat and oxygen

111
Q

B vitamins act as part of?

A

coenzymes

(conenzyme combines with and activates an enzyme)

112
Q

B vitamins role in metabolism

A

metabolism of carbs, lipids, AA

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin (all help release the energy stored in the enrgy yielding nutrients)

113
Q

vitamin b6 helps the body make?

A

protein

114
Q

what vitamins help cells to multiply?

A

folate and vitamin b12

115
Q

vitamin b deficiencies

A

every cell is affected

cell renewal depends on energy and protein which depend on the b vitamins

digestive tract and blood are damaged

116
Q

vitamin b deficiencies in children

A

full recovery is impossible

thiamin deficiency during growth can cause permanent brain damage

117
Q

does b vitamin deficiency usually show up alone?

A

no because people eat foods that contain mixtures of nutrients

118
Q

thiamin role

A

energy metabolism

nerve processes and their responding tissues (muscle)

119
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

beriberi

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

120
Q

beriberi

A

first observed with polishing of rice in asia

loss of sensation in the hands and feet

muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, abnormal heart action

121
Q

wet beriberi

A

edema present

122
Q

dry beriberi

A

no edema

123
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

alcohol abuse with severe thiamin deficiency

alcohol displaces food in the diet, impairs thiamin absorption, promotes thiamin excretion in the urine

124
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome symtoms

A

mental confusion

disorientation

loss of memory

kery eye movements

staggering gait

apathy

irritability

125
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome treatment

A

thiamin by iV or orally (alcohol withdrawal protocol in hospitals)

126
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome sources

A

widespread in healthy foods

pork products, sunflower seeds, whole grain cereals, legumes (rich sources)

127
Q

riboflavin role

A

energy metabolism of all cells

128
Q

riboflavin deficiency

A

usually accompanies other vitamin deficiencies (especially thiamin) as a result of a very poor diet

129
Q

riboflavin deficiency disease

A

ariboflavinosis

130
Q

ariboflavinosis

A

inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes, and GI tract; smooth purplish red tongue

131
Q

why might riboflavin deficiency go undetected

A

because thiamin def symptoms are more severe

132
Q

who is at risk of riboflavin deficiency

A

children who lack milk products and meat

133
Q

riboflavin deficiency treatement

A

a diet that treats a riboflavin def also resolves a thiamin def

134
Q

riboflavin sources

A

widespread in healthy foods

milk and milk products

leafy green veggies

whole grain breads

enriches/fortified grain products

some meats and eggs

135
Q

niacin role

A

energy metabolism

136
Q

niacin deficiency

A

pellagra - called the 4 Ds

137
Q

pellagra - called the 4 Ds

A

Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death

138
Q

who is at risk of pellagra

A

poorly nourish people living in poverty

those with alcohol addiction

139
Q

niacin sources

A

tryptophan, which is abundant in almost all proteins (can be converted to niacin)

140
Q

1 mg of niacin is equivalent to __ mg of tryptophan

A

60

141
Q

niacin sources

A

milk
eggs
meat
poultry
fish
whole grains
fortified and enriches grains
nuts and seeds

142
Q

niacin toxicity

A

large doses can cause niacin flush - painful tingling, flush and hives

niacin supplements 2-3x RDA

large doses of niacin can injure the liver and cause blurred vision

143
Q

when are large doses of a form of niacin (nicotinic acid) prescribed?

A

to lower blood lipids

144
Q

folate role

A

dna synthesis

part of coenzymes for new cell synthesis

145
Q

why folate deficiency

A

because immature red and white blood cells and cells of the GI tract divide rapidly, they are most vulnerable to a def

146
Q

folate deficiency

A

anemia
diminished immunity
abnormal digestive function

147
Q

anemia

A

megolobastic anemia or macrocytic anemia

  • large immature rbc
  • related to anemia of vit b12 def
148
Q

what does a folate def increase risk of

A

cvd, COLON AND CERVICAL CANCER

149
Q

folate neural tube birth defects (NTDS)

A

problem with spinal cord, mental delay, severely diminished brain size or even death shortly after birth

150
Q

folate toxicity

A

can mask vitamin b12 def

excess folate may be antagonistic to the actions of some anticancer drugs

151
Q

folate unit of measure

A

synthetic folate in enriches foods and supplements is absorbed more readily than naturally occuring

152
Q

dietary folate equivalent (DFE)

A

converts all forms of folate into units that are equivalent to the folate in foods

153
Q

folate bioavailability foods vs supplements

A

50%(foods)
100% (supplements taken on an empty stomach)

folate from foods is given full credit
* Fortified foods and supplements are given extra
credit (1.7 times more available)

154
Q

dietary folate equivalent (DFE) calculated

A

100 micrograms from foods and 100 from supplements

=100 + (100x1.7)
=100 + 170
= 270 micrograms of DFE

155
Q

folate sources

A

leafy green veggies

fresh, uncooked veggies and fruit

eggs

orange juice and legumes

156
Q

what destroys folate in foods

A

heat of cooking and oxidation that occurs during storage

157
Q

folate RDA

A

healthy adults: 400 mcg DFE /day

pregnancy: 600 mcg DFE/day

158
Q

health canada rec for women who becoome pregnant

A

400 mcg/day of folic acid from supplements plus a healthy diet

159
Q

vitamin b12 role

A

close relationship with folate

vitamin b12 is activated by folate

folate is activated by vitamin b12

maintence of the sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers

160
Q

vitamin b12 deficiency

A

damaged nerve sheaths

creeping paralysis

general malfunctioning of nerves and muscles

161
Q

vitamin b12 deficiency result in

A

failure of folate to make rbc

large immature rbc

folate will clear up anemia

162
Q

who is at risk of vitamin b12 deficiency

A

the elderly

atrophic gastritis

vegans

163
Q

why are elderly at risk of vitamin b12 def

A

absorption problems

decreased stomach acidity and decreased intrinsic factor

164
Q

atrophic gastritis

A

inherited gene defect for intrinsic factor production – mid-
adulthood

165
Q

why are vegans at risk of vitamin b12 def

A

def symptoms take time: body stores up to 6 years’
worth of the vitamin

  • All strict vegetarians (vegans) must be sure to use vitamin B12-
    fortified products or supplements
166
Q

vitamin b12 absorportion

A

requires intrinsic factor

167
Q

vitamin b12 intrinsic factor

A

a compound made by the stomach

the stomaches acid liberates vitamin b12 from food, intrinsic factor then binds to the vitamin

the complex is then absorbed from the small intestine into the blood

168
Q

vitamin b12 perinicious anemia

A

vitamin b12 def diseases caused by a lack of instrinsic factor and characterized by large immature rbc

169
Q

perinicious anemia treatement

A

b12 injections

170
Q

vitamin b12 sources

A

animal sources are the most significant sources

bioaviability greatest in milk and fish

fortified plant foods - ex - soy beverage

171
Q

vitamin b6 role

A

100+ reactions in the tissues

  • assists in conversion of one amino acid to another
    needed amino acid – protein synthesis
  • Aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • Neurotransmitter synthesis: conversion of tryptophan
    to serotonin
  • Hemoglobin synthesis
  • Assists in release of stored glucose from glycogen,
    contributing to the regulation of blood glucose
  • Immune function
  • Steroid hormonal activity
  • Fetal brain & nervous system development
172
Q

vitamin b6 deficiency general symptoms

A

weakness
psychological depression
confusion
irritability
insomnia

173
Q

vitamin b6 deficiency
other symptoms

A

anemia
greasy dermatitis

174
Q

advanced cases of vitamin b6 def

A

convulsions

may weaken the immune system

increased risk of heart disease

175
Q

vitamin b 6 toxicity

A

seen in women took 2+ g/day for 2+ months
* Numb feet
* Lost sensation in their hands
* Eventually became unable to walk or work
* Recovered after they stopped taking the supplements

176
Q

a single b6 supplement can deliever 2g of the vitamin, the = of

A

3000 banans
1600 servings of liver
3800 servings of chicken breast

stick with food

177
Q

why do we need vitamin b6

A

its role in protein metabolism, need is proportional to protein intake

unlike other water soluble vitamins it is stored extensively in muscle tissues

178
Q

vitamin b6 sources

A

protein rich foods: meats, fish, poulty,

legumes, peanut butter

potatoes, leafy green veggies, some fruits

179
Q

b vitamins and heart disease

A

homocysteine

180
Q

homocysteine

A

elevated homocysteine may be an indicator of
CVD risk

  • Deficiencies of folate, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6
    cause excess homocysteine to build up in the
    blood
  • Supplements of these vitamins lead to a
    significant drop in homocysteine level
  • It is unknown how this affects a person’s CVD
    risk
181
Q

biotin role

A

energy metabolism

cofactor for several enzymes in the metabolism of carbs, fat, protein

182
Q

biotin deficiency

A

may occur with some rare diseases

consumption of dozes of raw egg whites per day, which contain a protein that binds biotic(avidin) will result in def

183
Q

what denatures biotin

A

cooking eggs

184
Q

biotin sources

A

widespread in foods

185
Q

pantothenic acid role

A

energy metabolism
coenzyme that plays a role in the release of energy from the enrgy nutrients

plays a role in 100+steps concerned with the synthesis of lipids, NTs, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin

186
Q

pantothenic acid deficiency

A

may occur with some rare diseases

187
Q

pantothenic acid sources

A

widespread in foods

188
Q

Who may likely need supplements

A
  1. people with nutrient def
  2. habitual dietes
  3. vegans or those w atrophic gastritis
  4. lacto intol or milk allergy
189
Q

people in what life cycles may need supplements

A

infants need iron

  • Newborn- vitamin K
  • Women who could become pregnant need folate
  • Pregnant women need Iron and Folate
  • Elderly need B12 and Vitamin D

HLTH230 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions