Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Water and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Water and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of dehydration?

A

1) Sunken eyes
2) Skin lacks turgour
3) Dry mouth
4) Concentrated urine
5) Weight loss
6) Person refusing fluids
7) Low blood pressure
8) High heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of dehydration?

A

A person isn’t taking in enough fluids:

1) The thirst mechanism has a fault and so the signals to brain telling the body needs water has a problem
2) Simply, not drinking enough fluids

A person is loosing too much fluid:

1) Vommiting
2) Weeping wounds
3) Diarhea
4) Sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 important functions of water?

A

1) Universal solvent
2) Lubricant for joints and organs
3) Chemical reactions (e.g. hydrolysis)
4) Component of plasma and cytoplasm
5) The maintenance of body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is water good at maintaining body temperature?

A

1) It can stay in its liquid form throughout a wide range of temperatures
2) It requires a lot of heat in order to increase the temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the set point of total body fluids (in a 70kg man)?

A

32-40L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 inputs of body fluids?

A

Fluid (1500ml)
Food (750ml)
Condensation metabolic reactions (250ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 outputs of body fluids?

A

Urine (1500ml)
Faeces (100ml)
Sweat (200ml)
Respiratory losses/breathing out (700ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who is more likely to get dehydrated?

A

1) If you have more body fat

2) Children (higher SA:V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the body fluid compartments and their relative proportions of total body fluids in a 70kg man?

A 
Intracellular = 25L (66%)
Interstitial = 12L 
Plasma = 3L 
(extracellular = 30%
Lubricant for joints - 0.7L (3%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does water move inbetween the body fluid compartments?

A

As it is a small hydorphilic molecule it can move across the compartments via osmosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of diffusion:

A

The movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (across a semi-permeable membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

1) Temperature
2) Weight of molecules
3) Incline
4) Permeability of membrane
5) Surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential (across a semi permeable membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Definition of electrolytes?

A

Soluble, in organic molecules that conduct electricity in a solvent.
They are osmotically active (draw water in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solvent and a solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are solutions categorised?

A

By the size of solute it contains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The names of 4 solutions and the size of their solutes:

A

Suspensions - very large solutes
Colloids - large solutes
Aqueous - small solutes (contains cations/+ve and anions/-ve)
Crystaloids - very small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What determines the pH of a solution?

A

The more protons (H+) - the more acidic and lower pH

The more carbonate (OH2) - the more alkaline and higher pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pH of gastric juice in the stomach?

A

Acidic (due to the hydrochloric acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

Acidic (just below neutral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

In between acid and alkaline (inclines more towards acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the pH of blood plasma?

A

Slightly alkaline (due to the bicarbonate ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by electrolytes when they are in solution. It is due to this pressure that water is prevented from moving across the membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2 different ways to measure the osmotic concentration of a solution?

A

Osmolarity - osmoles/L

Osmolality - osmoles/kg

26
Q

Definition of a mole

A

The number of molecules/atoms in a solution that is equal to the overall molecular weight of that solution

27
Q

1 osmole =

A

1 mole of dissolved particles

28
Q

Why is it useful to measure the osmotic concentration of a solution using osmoles?

A

As the number of molecules/atoms in a solution will have a greater effect on the cell function, than the weight of molecules/atoms in that solution

29
Q

Definition of Iso-osmotic:

A

The description of 2 different solutions with the same osmotic concentration.

30
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a solution to affect a cell

31
Q

What can tonicity be used to measure?

A

It can measure the difference in osmotic pressures of the solutions.

32
Q

What 2 things affect tonicity?

A

1) The osmotic concentration of a solution (as this affects the osmotic pressure)
2) How permeable the membranes are

33
Q

A breakdown of how osmotic concentration, osmotic pressure and tonicity relate?

A

Osmotic concentration will affect the osmotic pressure and this will affect tonicity

34
Q

What are the three types of tonicity? (REMEMBER TONICITY DESCRIBES HOW SOLUTIONS AFFECT THE CELL)

A

1) Isotonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Hypertonic

35
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution inside and outside of the cell are iso-osmotic. Neither solution will exert more of an osomotic pressure than the other. Therefore, there is no movement of water.

36
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution outside the cell exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the solution inside the cell. Water is drawn out of the cell. Cell becomes turgid.

37
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution outside the cell exerts a smaller osmotic pressure than inside the cell. Water is drawn into the cell. The cell may burst (lysis).

38
Q

Describe the negative feedback mechanism of water control?

A

1) Stimulus - low body fluid
2) Baroreceptors (in the aeortic arch and carotid sinus) detect a drop in pressure.
3) Osmoreceptors (in the hypothalamus) detects a drop in osmotic concentration - by detecting the change in how extracellular fluid affects the cells in the brain (tonicity)
4) These receptors will send information to the thrist centre in the hypothalamus.
5) The hypothalamus will send information to the pituitary gland to release hormones
6) These hormones will cause a dry mouth
7) Stimulates the person to drink.

39
Q

What hormone is a natural treatment for dehydration?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
When body fluids are low, the hypothalamus will simulate the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH.
ADH will act on the kidney tubules in order to absorb water back into the circulation, rather than being lost in the urine.

40
Q

What are the 4 treatments for dehydration?

A

1) Fluid therapy (IV) contains: Crystaloids (move into any fluid compartments) and colloids (stay in the blood plasma)
2) Gelofusine (IV): Contains modified fluid gelatin which contains electrolytes and acts in the same way as blood - so can be used as a blood constitute
3) 0.9% saline (sodium chloride)
4) 5% Glucose

41
Q

Name 2 problems that can occur with over hydration?

A

1) Hyponatraemia: Low sodium in the blood plasma, water will move into cells, cell lysis
2) Water intoxication: (especially a problem with taking ecstasy) where cells swell - problem if cells swell in brain

42
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular electrolyte?

A

Potassium (150mmol/L)

43
Q

What is the most abundant extracellular electrolyte?

A

Sodium (150mmol/L)

44
Q

What are the 2 hormones that control blood pressure and in doing so, indirectly, control sodium plasma concentration?

A

1) ANP

2) Aldosterone

45
Q

Description of ANP and when is it stimulate to be released?

A

ANP is a peptide hormone.
It is stimulated to be released from the atrial myocytes when the baroreceptors in the atrial arch detect high blood pressure (high plasma sodium conc).

46
Q

What does ANP stimulate?

A

ANP will alter the GFR (glomerular filtration rate) so that sodium is excreted in the urine and water will follow. This lowers the blood pressure.

47
Q

Description of Aldosterone and when is it stimulated to be released?

A

Steroid hormone.
It is stimulated to be released from the adrenal cortex, of the adrenal gland (above the kidneys) when the kidneys release Renin. Renin is released from the kidneys when the blood supplying the kidneys is detected at a low blood pressure.

48
Q

What does Aldosterone stimulate?

A

Targets the kidneys - in order to increase the sodium absorption into the circulation an then water will follow. This increase blood pressure.

49
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of hypernatraemia?

A

(Too much sodium in the plasma)

1) High blood pressure
2) Convulsions
3) Thirst
4) Fever

50
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A

(Too little sodium in the plasma)

1) Low blood pressure
2) Lethargy
3) Confusion (as less blood travels to brain, less brain cells receiving oxygen for respiration)

51
Q

How long can blood be stored for?

A

21-35 days

52
Q

Which electrolyte is the main reason for why blood can only be stored for 21-35 days?

A

Potassium. Because after 21-35 days potassium will leak out of the potassium channels in the membrane of the red blood cells and into the blood plasma.
If this blood was given to anyone else, they would suffer from hyperkalemia.

53
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

(if there is too much potassium in the blood, there is less in the cell in order to maintain resting potential - so the muscle can’t relax)

1) Irritibility
2) Muscle weakness
3) Cardiac arrest

54
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

(muscle is relaxing all the time)

1) Decrease in muscle tone
2) Muscle cramps

55
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of hypercalcaeima?

A

(not enough in muscles for contraction)

1) Muscle cramps
2) Fatigue

56
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of hypocalcaeima?

A

(too much muscle contraction)

1) Irritability
2) Muscle weakness

57
Q

What is the importance of bicarbonate ions?

A

Maintains the blood pH (slightly alkaline)

58
Q

What is the importance of chloride ions?

A

Chloride ions will bind to the hydrogen ions produced by the parietal cells in the gastric glands in order to produce hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid is a component of gastric juice.

59
Q

What are the 3 important roles of magnesium?

A

1) Co-factor in many enzyme-catalysed reactions
2) Structural development of bones
3) Synthesis of DNA and RNA

60
Q

What are the 5 important roles of phosphorus?

A

1) When dephosphorylation occurs (the removal of a phosphate group) energy is released
2) Structural development of bones and teeth
3) Synthesis of DNA and RNA
4) Growth and repair of cells
5) Buffer (neuralises acid)

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions