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Anatomy & Physiology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things are contained in the cardiovascular system?

A

1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Circulatory systems (Blood Vascular system and Lymphatic system)

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Blood vascular system?

A

1) Systemic circulation

2) Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To deliver O2, Nutrients, Hormones and WBC’s to cells and tissues of the body.
Remove CO2 and metabolic wastes from the tissues and cells.

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4
Q

How are arterial pulses formed?

A

When blood is pushed against the bone

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5
Q

Where are the common sites to take an arterial pulse?

A

1) Temporal
2) Facial
3) Carotid
4) Brachial
5) Ulnar
6) Radical
7) Posterior tibial
8) Dorsalis Pedis

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6
Q

What are the pressure differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A

Systemic - high pressure

Pulmonary - low pressure

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7
Q

How do the pulmonary and systemic circulation work together?

A

1) Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.
2) Deoxygenated blood is taken to the lungs from the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery
3) Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
4) Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of heart via the pulmonary vein.
5) Oxygenated blood is taken to the body tissues via the aorta

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8
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

To transfer gases, nutrients and wastes between the blood and the cells/tissues.

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cappillaries?

A

1) Continuous - epithelial cells are packed together
2) Fenestrated - epithelial cells have gaps (pores) - contained in the Kidneys
3) Sinvsoid - epithelial cells have big leaky spaces in-between them - contained in the liver

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10
Q

Describe what the capillary bed is?

A

Arteriole - metarteriole (containing pre-capillary sphincters) - cappilaries - venule

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11
Q

What is the importance of the pre-cappillary sphincters?

A

They can open/close in order to direct the blood in the capillary bed

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12
Q

What does is the importance of arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

They are contained in the cappillary bed - allow for direct communication with arteriole and venule. This happens because: when the arteriovenous anastomoses dilate, the pre-cappillary sphincters shut. This allows for blood to be directed straight from the arteriole to the venous (without going through the cappillary bed).

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13
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) To drain interstitial fluid

2) Lymphatic organs produce lymphocytes - that play an important part in the body’s immune system defences.

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14
Q

What does the lymphatic system contain?

A

1) Lymph
2) Lymphatic vessels (with lymph nodes)
3) Lymphatic organs/tissues

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15
Q

Describe how interstitial fluid is drained in the Blood vascular system and the Lymphatic system?

A

1) O2 and nutrients will diffuse out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid.
2) These are then exchanged with the cells.
3) CO2 and wastes diffuse out of the cells and into the interstitial fluid.
4) Most of the drained interstitial fluid goes back into the blood capillaries.
5) 15% will drain into the lymphatic vessels.

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16
Q

How is the lymph returned to the circulatory system?

A

1) Lymph will run down the afferent lymph vessel, where it will meet a lymph node.
2) At the lymph node, foreign bodies are detected.
3) Lymph will then run down the efferent lymph vessel, until it meets Lymphatic trunk.
4) Blood will then be drained from the Lymphatic trunk to the circulatory system either via: 1) Right lymphatic duct or 2) Thoracic duct.

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17
Q

Which of the 2 ducts will drain most of the lymph back into the circulatory system (from the lymphatic trunk) ?

A

Thoracic duct

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18
Q

What 3 things must all blood vessels be able to do?

A

1) Remain open at all times
2) Withstand pressure changes
3) Move along with surrounding structures

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up a blood vessel?

A

1) Endothelium (Simple squamous epithelium)
2) Tunic Media (Smooth Muscle)
3) Tunic Externa (connective tissue)

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of a vein:

A

1) Look collapsed
2) May contain valves
3) Thin walls
4) Larger lumen
5) Hold more blood
6) Low pressure systems

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21
Q

Describe the appearance of a arteries:

A

1) Maintain their shape
2) Do not contain valves
3) Thick walls
4) Smaller lumen
5) High pressure systems

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22
Q

What are the differences between a large vein and elastic artery?

A

1) LV has thin tunic externa whereas the EA is thick
2) LV has a thin tunic media whereas the EA is thick
3) LV and EA both have an endothelium.
4) LV has a wide lumen and the EA lumen is narrower
5) EA contains an elastic layer

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23
Q

What are the differences between a medium vein and and muscular artery?

A

1) MV has thin tunic externa whereas the MA is thick
2) MV has a thin tunic media whereas the MA is very thick
3) MV and MA both have an endothelium.
4) MV has a wide lumen and the MA lumen is narrower

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24
Q

What are the differences between a venule and the arteriole?

A

1) Venule only contains a thin tunic externa and the arteriole contains a thick tunic media.
2) Both contain endothelium.

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25
Q

What are the differences between a fenestrated cappilary and continuous cappilary?

A

1) Both contain basement membrane
2) Both contain endothelium
3) Fenestrated cappilary contains pores

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26
Q

Where is the heart positioned?

A

Between the 2nd and 5th ribs

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27
Q

What is the top and the bottom of the heart called?

A 
Top = base
Bottom = Apex
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28
Q

Why is the heart sometimes referred to as being in the left side of the body?

A

As the apex is positioned slightly to the left.

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29
Q

What are the names of the 2 pericardium?

A

1) Fibrous

2) Serous (Visceral and Parietal)

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30
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium?

A

Inelastic layer that surrounds the whole heart and is stuck down to the diaphragm. It won’t stretch so it prevents the heart from over-filling with blood.

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31
Q

Describe the serous pericardium?

A

2 membranes (visceral and parietal) contains the pericardial fluid. It allows for the heart to beat without friction.

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32
Q

What are the 6 layers of the heart?

A

1) Endocardium
2) Myocardium
3) Epicardium (Visceral layer)
4) Pericardial cavity (containing pericardial fluid)
5) Parietal
6) Fibrous pericardium

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33
Q

What is Pericardial Tampernard?

A

Whereby blood leaks into the pericardial cavity and pushes down on the heart. To treat, drain the pericadial cavity.

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34
Q

What are the 3 difference muscles called within the heart and where are they located?

A

Pappillary muscles - Attached to the Chordinae Tendinae (attached to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves)
Pectinate muscles - Form Atrium
Trabeculae Carnae - Form Ventriles

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35
Q

What is the role of the fibrous skeleton?

A

It separates the atrium and ventricles - in order to slow down electrical activity from atrium to myocytes (so the atrium and ventricles don’t contract at the same time)

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36
Q

What are heart valves attached to?

A

The fibrous skeleton.

The AV valves are also attached to Chordinae Tendinae but the SL valves are not.

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37
Q

When do the AV valves open and close?

A

Open when the ventricles have contract and close when the ventricles contract.

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38
Q

How do the AV values stay closed?

A

The pappillary muscles contract which pulls on the Chordinae tendinae. This keeps the AV valves shut.

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39
Q

When do the SL valves open and close?

A

Open when the ventricles have contracted and close when blood is pooling in the pulmonary vein and aorta.

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40
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

To supply the heart itself with O2.

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41
Q

Where the the coronary arteries located?

A

They are the 1st vessels to arise from the aortic arch

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42
Q

When do the coronary arteries supply the heart with O2?

A

When the ventricles are relaxed. As, when the ventricles contract, the semi-lunar valves open and the valves will block the coronary artery openings.

43
Q

How much blood is supplied to the heart via the coronary arteries?

A

250ml/MIN

44
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries and which 2 arteries extend off from these?

A

Right coronary artery = 1) Posterior interventricular and 2) Marginal
Left coronary artery = 1) Anterior interventricular and 2) Circumflex

45
Q

What is angina?

A

Blockage in the coronary arteries which limits the amount off oxygen and nutrients being supplied to the heart.

46
Q

What are the symptoms of angina?

A

Pain in chest when running

47
Q

How to detect angina?

A

Using a CORONARY ANGIOGRAM.

48
Q

Describe the arrangements of myocytes in the myocardium layer of the heart and what is the importance of this?

A

They are connected to each other by intercalated discs and there are gap junctions in between the intercalated discs.
The importance of this is so that ions can be transferred from one myocyte to another so that co-ordinated contraction can occur.

49
Q

Can myocytes contract by themselves?

A

No - they are non-contractile cells. Rhythmic cells initiate the electrical contraction.

50
Q

What occurs during co-ordinated contraction?

A

1) Rhythmic cells initiate the electrical contraction.
2) As the electrical impulse travels through the heart, myocytes will contract.
3) As one myocyte contracts, it stimulates the adjacent cell to contract.

51
Q

What role does the Nervous System play in co-ordinated contraction>

A

It can alter the frequency of the electrical impulses sent from the Rhythmic cells - in order to alter the rate of the heart beat.

52
Q

What is the name of the ‘Pacemaker’ in the heart and what does it set the rhythm of the heart at (beats/min)?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node is the ‘pacemaker’ as it initiates the electrical impulse throughout the heart.
It sets the rhythm of the heart = 100 beats/min.

53
Q

Describe the electrical activity propagation throughout the heart (NOT inc. the fibrous skeleton)?

A

1) The SA node will initiate the electrical impulse. Adjacent myocytes in the atrium will contract - causing the atrium to contract.
2) The electrical impulses are collected at the AV node.

54
Q

Describe the electrical activity propagation throughout the fibrous skeleton:

A

1) Bundle of His
2) Right and Left bundles
3) Purkinje fibres.

55
Q

What is the importance of the electrical activity propagation throughout the fibrous skeleton ?

A

The electrical impulse will travel down the fibrous skeleton and no adjacent myocytes will contract. This is important so that, the electrical impulse is slowed down and the ventricles contract after the atria.

56
Q

What does an electrocardiogram measure?

A

The spread of electrical activity throughout the heart

57
Q

What do the different letters of the electrocardiogram represent?

A

P wave = atria contraction
(there is no wave for atria relaxation)
QRS wave = ventricle contraction
T wave = ventricle relaxation

58
Q

4 reasons why foetal circulation is different to adult circulation?

A

1) Blood is taken to the foetal heart via the UMBILICAL VEIN from the placenta and blood is taken away from the foetal heart via the UMBILICAL ARTERY to the placenta.
2) Oxygenated blood is carried in the umbilical vein and deoxygenated blood is caried in the umbilical artery.
3) Blood in the heart is mixed.
4) Blood is not taken to and from the lungs - as foetal lungs are collapsed.

59
Q

What are the 3 circulatory short-cuts in foetal circulation?

A

1) Ductus venosus
2) Foramen ovale
3) Ductus arteriosus

60
Q

Where is the Ductus venosus located and what is its function?

A 
Located = In between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava. 
Function = To bypass the Liver. Less blood needs to go to the liver as most functions will be carried out by the mother's liver.
61
Q

Where is the Foramen ovale located and what is its function?

A 
Location = In between the right atrium and left atrium
Function = So blood from the right side of the heart can be shifted to the left side of the heart. Less blood is needed in the right side of the heart, as less needs to go through the pulmonary artery to get to the lungs.
62
Q

Where is the Ductus arteriosus located and what is its function?

A 
Location = In between the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Function = So blood from the right side of the heart can be shifted to the left side of the heart. Less blood is needed in the right side of the heart, as less needs to go through the pulmonary artery to get to the lungs.
63
Q

What 2 circulatory shortcuts cause the blood in foetal circulation to be mixed?

A

1) Foramen ovale

2) Ductus arteriosus

64
Q

Describe the changes to the circulatory shortcuts that occur at birth:

A

1) The baby cries - O2 is breathed in.
2) The lungs expand and pressure fall in the pulmonary artery.
3) The Ductus arteriosus becomes the LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUS.
4) Midwife will clamp the umbilical cord and pressure rises in the aorta.
5) The foramen ovale becomes the FOSSA OVALE.

65
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The series of events that occur in 1 heartbeat.

66
Q

What are the 5 different stages of the The Cardiac Cycle?

A

1) Ventricular filling (Passive)
2) Ventricular filling (Atrial systole)
3) Isovolumetric Contraction
4) Ventricular Ejection
5) Isometric Relaxation

67
Q

1) Ventricular filling (Passive)

A

1) Blood comes into the right side of the heart via the inferior and superior vena cava. Blood comes into the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein.
2) Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles as the AV valves are open.

68
Q

2) Ventricular filling (Atrial systole)

A

1) Artium contract.
2) Move blood passes through to the ventricles.
END VENTRICULAR DYSTOLIC VOLUME = 130ml

69
Q

3) Isovolumetric Contraction

A

1) Ventricles contract

2) AV valves are forced shut

70
Q

4) Ventricular Ejection

A

1) As pressure builds in the ventricles as they contract - the SL are forced open.
2) 70ml Blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery and through the left ventricle via the aorta.
END VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC VOLUME = 60ml

71
Q

5) Isometric Relaxation

A

1) Ventricles Relax

2) As blood is pooling in the pulmonay artery and aorta - the SL valves are forced shut.

72
Q

What is ‘cardiac output’?

A

The volume of blood ejected from the heart/per minute

73
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

74
Q

What is the stroke volume (and average)?

A

SV = The volume of blood ejected from the heat/per beat (average = 70ml)

75
Q

What is the heart rate (and average)?

A

HR = How many beats per minute (average = 75 beats /min)

76
Q

What 3 factors affect the stroke volume?

A

1) Venous Return
2) Force of contraction of ventricular myocytes
3) Ventricular Pressure

77
Q

How does venous return affect stroke volume?

A

The more blood circulating in the body, the more venous return and the more blood available to be pumped out of the heart.
Factors affecting stroke volume:
1) Skeletal muscle pump
2) Respiratory pump
3) Pressure differences between vena cava and the atrium.
4) Gravity

78
Q

How does the force of contraction of ventricular myocytes affect stroke volume?

A

The more venous return, the more blood in the ventricles, the more the myocytes will stretch and the harder they will contract.

79
Q

In what situations will make the ventricular myocytes increase/decrease their force of contraction?

A

Increase: Norepinephine (stressful situations) & hypercalcemia
Decrease = Myocardial hypoxia & hypocalcemia

80
Q

How does ventricular pressure affect stroke volume?

A

Ventricular pressure needs to be higher than the pressure in the aeorta and pulmonary artery - in order for ventricular ejection to occur.

81
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting heart rate?

A

1) Age
2) Medication
3) The Cardiovascular reflex centre in the Medulla Oblongata (Cardioaccelorator centre & Cardioinhibitary Centre)

82
Q

How does the Cardiovascular reflex centre in the Medulla Oblongata regulate the heart rate?

A

1) Cardioaccelorator centre sends sympathetic impulses to the SA node, the frequency of electrical impulses sent throughout the heart will increase. Heart rate and force of contraction increases.
2) Cardioinhibitary centre sends parasympathetic impulses to the SA node, the frequency of electrical impulses sent throughout the heart will decrease. Heart rate and force of contraction decreases.

83
Q

How is the heart rate maintained at an average of 75 beats per min?

A

The SA node will spontaneously fire electrical impulses so the heart rate is 100 beat per min.
The parasympathetic impulses sent from the cardio-inhibitory centre of the medulla oblongata will try to slow this heart rate down to 70-80 beats/min.

84
Q

What is the definition of Tachycardia?

A

A heart rate that is persistently high. (above 100bpm)

85
Q

What is the definition of Bradycardia?

A

A heart rate that is persistently low. (below 60 bpm)

86
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure:

A

The pressure exerted onto the blood vessel walls by the blood.

87
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

BO = CO (cardiac output) x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

88
Q

What 3 factors affect total peripheral resistance?

A

1) The viscosity of the blood
2) The length of the vessel
3) The diameter of the vessel

89
Q

Which one of these factors is the ONLY one you can change?

A

The diameter of the blood vessels - through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

90
Q

What is the definition of systolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted onto the blood walls in VENTRICULAR contraction.

91
Q

What is the definition of diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted onto the blood walls in VENTRICULAR relaxation.

92
Q

What is the maximum systolic blood pressure and what is classed as hypotension and hypertension?

A

Hypotension - 90mmHg
Maximum - 120mmHg
Hypertension - 140mmHg

93
Q

What is the maximum diastolic blood pressure and what is classed as hypotension and hypertension?

A

Hypotension - 60mmHg
Maximum - 80mmHg
Hypertension - 90mmHg

94
Q

How to calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

95
Q

How to calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

Pulse pressure - (1/2 of diastolic blood pressure)

96
Q

How do the fluctuations in blood pressure change in the cardiovascular system?

A

The further away from the left ventricle, the less the blood pressure fluctuates. When blood disperses in the capillaries, the pressure decreases and fluctuations will stop the further the blood is to the right atrium.

97
Q

How is the vessel radius maintained?

A

Through the sympathetic nervous system regulating sympathetic tone - which constricts the blood vessel (vasoconstriction)

98
Q

What are the 3 types of vessel radius control?

A

1) Local control
2) Short-term control (neural - medulla oblongata cardiovascular centre)
3) Long-term control (hormonal - vasoactive metabolites)

99
Q

Explain the local control of blood vessel radius?

A

Through autoregulation, tissues can change their own radius in order to control their own blood supply

100
Q

Explain the short-term control of blood vessel radius?

A

Baroreceptors will send information to the Medulla Oblongata cardiovascular centre about blood pressure.
If blood pressure is high = the medulla oblongata cardiovascular centre’s vasomotor centre will be inhibited so that sympathetic impulses are not sent to blood vessels to cause sympathetic tone.
If blood pressure is low = the medulla oblongata cardiovascular centre’s vasomotor centre will be stimulated so that sympathetic impulses are sent to blood vessels to cause sympathetic tone.

101
Q

Explain the long-term control of blood vessel radius?

A

Hormonal control through VASOACTIVE METABOLITES

102
Q

Which vasoactive metabolites will cause vasodilation?

A

1) Histamine
2) Prostaglandins
3) Bradykinins
4) Nitrous Oxide

103
Q

Which vasoactive metabolites will cause vasoconstriction?

A

1) Endothelins

104
Q

For the factors that affect CO what are they also referred to as?

A

1) Stretch of myocytes (PRELOAD)
2) Contraction of myocytes (CONTRACTILITY)
3) Ventricular pressure (AFTERLOAD)

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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