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geography > water and carbon cycle 2 > Flashcards

water and carbon cycle 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are systems composed of

A

inputs, outputs, stores, flows and boundaries

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2
Q

input def

A

Where matter or energy is added to the system

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3
Q

output def

A

Where matter or energy leaves the system

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4
Q

stores def

A

Where matter or energy builds up in the system

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5
Q

flows def

A

Where matter or energy moves in the system

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6
Q

boundaries def

A

Limits to the system (e.g. watershed)

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7
Q

open system def

A

when systems receive inputs and transfer outputs of energy or matter with other systems

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8
Q

closed system def

A

when there are no external inputs or outputs. outputs from one part of the system become the input to another part.

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9
Q

dynamic equalibrium def

A

when input equals output despite changing conditions.

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10
Q

positive feedback def

A

when a chain of events amplifies the impact of the orginal event. a system that diverges away from the equalibrium.

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11
Q

negative feedback def

A

a chain of events that cancle out the orginal event, leading to equalibrium.

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12
Q

is the water and carbon cycle a closed or open system

A

on a local scale the water and carbon cycle are open systems. but on a global scale the water and carbon are closed systems.

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13
Q

example of the water cycle on a local scale

A

drainage basins

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14
Q

what type of system is a drainage basin

A

an open system. water may be lost as an output through evapotranspiration and runoff and water may be gained as an input through precipitation.

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15
Q

water cycle inputs

A

precipitation

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16
Q

water cycle outputs

A

Evapotranspiration, Streamflow

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17
Q

water cycle flows

A

Infiltration, Percolation, Throughflow, Surface runoff (Overland flow), Groundwater Flow, Streamflow, Stemflow

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18
Q

water cycle stores

A

soil water, ground water, river channel, interception, surface storage

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19
Q

precipitation def

A

any water that falls to the surface of the earth from the atmosphere. including rainfall, snowfall and hail

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20
Q

types of rainfall

A

Convectional, relief, frontal

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21
Q

convectional rainfall def

A

due to heating from the sun, warm air rises, conddenses at higher altitudes and falls as rain

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22
Q

relief rainfall def

A

warm air is forced upwards by abrrires such as mountians, causing it to condense at higher altitudes and falling as rain

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23
Q

frontal rainfall def

A

warm air rises over cool air when they meet as the warm is less dense and lighter. therefore it condenses at a higher altitude and falls as rain

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24
Q

evapotranspiration def

A

made of evapouration and transpiration. evapouration occurs when water is heated by the sun causing it to become a gas and rise to the atmosphere. transpiration occurs in plants when they respire through leaves, releasing the water they absorb through roots, wich then evapourates.

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25
Q

streamflow def

A

all water that enters a drainage basin will be released through the atompshere or streams wich drain the basin. these may flow as tributries into toher rivers or diretly into oceans and lakes.

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26
Q

infiltration def

A

proccess of water moving from ground into soil. MODERATE/FAST

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27
Q

infiltration capacity

A

Inflitration capacity refers to how quickly inflitration occurs. Grass crops and tree roots create passages for water to flow through from the surface to the soil increasing inflitration capacity. If capacity is reached overlnd flow will occur.

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28
Q

percolation def

A

water moves from the soil or ground into porous rock or rock fractures. SLOW

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29
Q

what is percolation capacity

A

how quickly percolation occurs. it depends on how many fracture there are in the rock or the permiability of the rock.

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30
Q

through flow def

A

water moves through soil into streams and rivers. MODERATE/FAST

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31
Q

through flow rate def

A

clay soils with a high feild capacityand smaller pore spaces have a slower rate. sandy soils drain quickly as they have a lower feild capacity, larger pore spaces and natural channels.

32
Q

surface runoff def

A

water that flows above ground as sheetflow(lots of water flowing over a large surface) or in rills (small channels that are unlikley to carry during periods of no rainfall). FAST

33
Q

groundwater flow def

A

water moves through rocks. ensures there is water in rivers, even after long periods of no rain. Jointed rocks in Krast enviroments where there are many underground caves and streams, may transfer water rapidly. USUALLY SLOW BUT VARIABLE

34
Q

streamflow def

A

water that moves through establihed channels. FAST

35
Q

stemflow def

A

flow of water that has been intercepted by plants or trees, down stem, leaf, branch, or other parts of the plant. FAST

36
Q

soil water def

A

water stored in soil which is utlalised by plants. MID TERM STORE

37
Q

groundwater def

A

what stored in the pore spaces of rock. LONG TERM STORE

38
Q

river channel def

A

water that is stored in a river. SHORT TERM STORE

39
Q

interception def

A

water intercepted by plant on their branches or leaves before reaching the ground. SHORT TERM STORE

40
Q

surface storage def

A

water in puddles, ponds and lakes ect. VARIABLE STORE

41
Q

the water table def

A

the upper level at wich the pore spaces and fractures in the ground become saturated. it is used by researchers to assses drought conditions, health of wetland systems, success of forest restoration programmes ect.

42
Q

water balance def

A

used to express the the proccess of water storage and transfer in drainage basin systems.

43
Q

how can the water balance of an area change

A

it can change depeding on physical factors, especially during seasonal variations of temp and precipitation.

44
Q

what affects the change in storage

A

the amount of precipitation in comprassison to run off and evapotranspiration

45
Q

how does deforestation affect the water cycle

A

there is less interception from trees so surface run off increases. the soil is no longer held together by roots so water storgae decreases and transpiriation decreases as there are fewer plants

46
Q

how does large amounts of rainfall affect the water cycle

A

large amounts of rainfall quickly saturate the ground to its feild capacity so no more water can infiltrate and it increases runoff

47
Q

how can storms affect the water cycle

A

strorm events are less affective at recharging water stores than prolonged rainfall.

48
Q

seasonal changes on the water cycle

A

spring-more interception from vegetation
summer- harder ground/ impermeable wich increases surface runoff

49
Q

how does pastoral farming effect the water cycle

A

live stock such as pigs, cows and sheep trample the ground reducing inflitration

50
Q

how does arible farming affect the water cycle

A

plowing increases inflitration as it loosens the soil and decreases surface runoff. however digging drainage dicthes increases surface runoff and streamflow

51
Q

how does hillside terracing affect the water cycle

A

it is done for rice padi feilds and it increases surface wtaer storage andtherefore decreases runoff

52
Q

how does irragation affect the water cycle

A

it can lead to gorundwater depletion

53
Q

howdoes urbanisation affect the water cycle

A

building roads and buildings creates impermeable surface and thre are likely to be drains these increase surface runoff, decrease infiltration, reduca lagtime and increase flood risks.

54
Q

how can we reduce the effects of urbanisation on the water cycle

A

green roofs and sustainable urban drainage systems use grass and soil to reduce the amount of impermeable surfaces and are helping urban flooding in some cities

55
Q

what is the soil water budget

A

it shows tthe annual balance bwtween inputs and outputs in the water cycle and their impact on soil storage/availability

56
Q

what does the soil budget depend on

A

the amount of rainfall/dry weather and the type depth and permiability of the soil and beadrock

57
Q

fwhat is the feild cap

A

the maximum possible level of storage in the soil. Once it is reached any rainfall will not infiltrate and lead to surfaced runoff and flooding.

58
Q

how does autum affect the soil budget

A

autum: there is more input of precipitation and output of evapotranspiration and decidous trees loose their leaves. the cooler weather means less photosynthesis and the soil ,moisture levels increase and water surplus occurs

59
Q

how does winter affect the soil budget

A

the potnetial evapotransiration plants reaches a minimum the precipitation contiues to refill the soil water stores. infiltration and perculation also refill the water table.

60
Q

how does spring affect the soil budget

A

plants start to grow again and otential evaportransipration increases as temperatures get higher and plants start to photosynthesise there is still water surplus in these times

61
Q

how does summer affect the soil budget

A

utilisation of of soil water evaportransipiration reaches its peak and rainfall is at a minimum. the evapotranspiration output in greater than the input from precipitation so soil water stores are depleating. water defecit may occur.

62
Q

the global water cycle

A

the glabal water cycle is comprised of many stores such as lakes rivers seas and oceans

63
Q

% of each type of water in the global water store

A

oceans = 97%, fresh water = 2.5% of wich 69% = glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets and the otehr 30% is groundwater

64
Q

what are the 4 areas water can be stored

A

hydrosphere - any liquid water
lithosphere - any water stored in the crust or upper mantle
cryopshere - any water that is frozen
atmosphere - water vapour

65
Q

what are aquifers

A

underground water stores and shallow groundwater aquifers can store water for upto 200 years and deeper fossil aquifers may last for 10,000 years

66
Q

how long do glaciers store water

A

20-100 years

67
Q

how long do rivers store and seasonal snow cover store water

A

50-100 years

68
Q

how long do lakes store water

A

2-6 months

69
Q

how long does soilstore water

A

1-2 months

70
Q

how do storm events affect the water cycle

A

cause sudden increase in rainfall leading to flooding and replenishment of some water stores. they are unlikely to cause long term affects

71
Q

how do droughts affect the water cycle

A

cause major water stores to be depleted and the flows acting within the water cycle to be decreased. may cause more long term affects as they are becoming more common with climate change

72
Q

what if the El Nino effect

A

it occurs every 2-7 years and causes warm temperatures in a predictable way

73
Q

the La Nina effect

A

it occurs every 2-7 years and causes cooler temperatures in a predictable way

74
Q

what are the cryospheric processes

A

in the past glaciers and ice caps have stored significant amounts of fresh water through the amount of accumulation. currently all the glaciers are shrinking causing sea levels to rise.

75
Q
A

geography (3 decks)

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