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geography > water and carbon > Flashcards

water and carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a system?

A

set of interrelated components working together towards the same process

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2
Q

What is throughflow?

A

movement of water through subsoil

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3
Q

What is infiltration?

A

downard movement of water from surface to soil

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4
Q

What is percolation?

A

downward movement of water within rock under soil surface

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5
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

-temp. rises
-ice cover melts
-less ice coverage reduces albedo effect
-more energy absorbed

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6
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

Rising CO2 levels stimulates photosynthesis
more carbon is stored in plant structures and in soil in the biosphere Process of carbon fertilisation, stimulating growth

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7
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

When both inputs and outputs are balanced

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8
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

an area that supplies a river with its water

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9
Q

What is the soil water budget?

A

shows the annual balance between inputs and outputs in water cycle and impact on soil water availability

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of the soli water budget?

A

-recharge
-surplus
-utilisation
-deficit

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11
Q

What is a river regime?

A

annual variation or discharge of a river

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12
Q

What factors effect river regimes?

A

-geology
-precipitation
-rainfall
-vegetation cover
-land use

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13
Q

What are the inputs / outputs/ stores/ flows of the water cycle

A

precipitation
evapotranspiration and runoff
interception, surface, soil water, groundwater, channel storage stemflow, infiltration overland flow, channel flow

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrographs and their properties ?

A

flashy - short lag time and high peak discharge
flat - long lag time and low peak discharge

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15
Q

Describe the features of a flood hydrograph

A

discharge- volume of water passing through a point in the river
Rising limb - discharge increasing
Falling limb - discharge decreasing
Lag time - The time taken between peak rainfall and peak discharge
Baseflow - level of groundwater flow
stormflow - overland flow and through flow

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16
Q

What is lag time?

A

The time taken between peak rainfall and peak discharge

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17
Q

What is water abstarction?

A

the process of taking water from any source either temporarily or permanentley for human use

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18
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

layer of rock that is porous to store groundwater and permeable enough to let it flow through

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19
Q

How does deforestation affect the water cycle?

A

prevents a store of water and reduces evapotranspiration

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20
Q

How can natural factors affect the water cycle?

A

can increase the amount of precipitation so therefore the amount of channel flow and surface runoff . Vegetation can be destroyed reducing interception

21
Q

Hoe do wildfires affect the carbon cycle?

A

fallen litter decomposes in soil and burining of forests increasing CO2

22
Q

How does volcanic activity affect the carbon cycle?

A

sulphur dioxide and CO2 released into atmosphere

23
Q

How does hydrogen extraction affect the carbon cycle?

A

-cement manufacturing produces 5% of worlds CO2 emissions
-animal remains turn into fossil fuels

24
Q

How do farming practices affect the carbon cycle?

A

-plughing breaks down organic matter
-1/3 of all soils are degraded
-above ground biomass being burned
- forestry and agriculture causing 25% of all emissions

25
Q

What are the 4 major stores of water?

A

lithosphere - water stored in crust and upper mantle
hydrosphere - any liquid water
cryosphere - any water that is frozen
atmosphere - water vapour

26
Q

What factors affect the water cycle?

A

storm events
seasonal changes
farming practices
land use change
water abstraction
deforestation
seasonal change

27
Q

What are aquifers?

A

underground water stores that are globally unevenly spread

28
Q

What is a plant scale?

A
29
Q

What is a sere scale?

A
30
Q

What is a continental scale?

A
31
Q

What are examples of transfers in the carbon cycle?

A

photosynthesis
respiration
decomposition
combustion
carbon sequestration
weathering

32
Q

What are the main stores of carbon?

A

atmosphere - carbon dioxide and carbon compounds e.g. methane
hydrosphere - dissolved carbon dioxide
lithosphere - carbonate in limestones, chalk and fossil fuels
biosphere - in living and dead organisms.

33
Q

What is carbon sequestration?

A

transfer of carbon from atmosphere to other store e.g. photosynthesis or Carbon capture and Storage

34
Q

What factors cause changes in the carbon cycle over time?

A

natural wild fires
volcanic activity
hydrocarbon fuel extraction and burning
farming practices
deforestation
land use changes

35
Q

What is the carbon budget?

A

the amount of carbon stored and transferred within the carbon cycle on global or local scale that is changed by human and natural factors

36
Q

What is the relationship between the water and carbon cycle?

A

-An increase in atmospheric CO2 levels can cause higher rates of evapotranspiration
-Water can transfer CO2 from atmosphere to lithosphere/hydrosphere through precipitation in the form of acid rain
-For decomposition to occur, water is needed by the decomposers. Decomposition is essential for the transfer of carbon from biomass to the atmosphere

37
Q

What are human interventions in the carbon cycle? designed to influence carbon transfers and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

A

Carbon capture and Storage
renewable energy sources
low carbon technology
international policies

38
Q

What is the global atmospheric circulation model?

A

factor that determines cloud formation and rainfall
different zones of falling and rising that lead to precipitation

39
Q

What is El Nino and La Nina?

A

El Nino - warming period taking place every 2-7 years
La Nina - cooling period taking place every 2-7 years

40
Q

Case study of a tropical rainforest

A

Amazon Rainforest -
locted in South America, covers Brazil, Peru, Bolivia etc.
hold’s world’s largest river
70% located in Brazil
5.3 million km2
Mejura Project conserving 900,000 hectares of land

41
Q

How is water affected in the Amazon Rainforest

A

very high rainfall providing high biodiversity
warm temps increase evaporation
dense canopy increases interception
increased surface runoff due to deforestation
risk of drought due to reduced evapotranspiration
leaching causes removal of nutrients

42
Q

How is carbon affected in the Amazon rainforest

A

76 billion of carbon stored in 2019
1% of tree species hold 50% of world’s carbon
dead amazonian trees release 1.9 million tonnes of co2
Brazil as world’s 4th largest polluter
19,000 km2 deforested per year
30-60% of carbon is lost to atmosphere during deforestation

43
Q

What are the threats to the amazon rainforest

A

Climate change predicted to increase by 2-3 degrees by 2050
WWF estimates 20% of Amazon has been lost
clearing land for beef and soy production
soy industry losing $3.5 billion due to heat spikes
75% of deforested area is used for cattle/ agriculture

44
Q

Case study of a river catchment

A

The River Eden - flows through Eden District of Cumbria, England
near Penines mountain range
passes through Carlisle and Solway Firth
basin is long narrow and steep (reducing lag time)
has sandstone and limestone - permeable rock increasing percolation

45
Q

What is relief rainfall?

A

rain caused by land varying in height

46
Q

What storm event happened in River Eden

A

Storm Desmond 2005
‘ a one in 170 years event’
highest rainfall on 5th Dec - 340 mm
Impacted wales, soctland and northern england

47
Q

What did the Met Office predict about rainfall

A

‘an increase in frequency and intensity of rainfall across the UK’

47
Q

What human changes have took place in the River Eden?

A

Construction - development creating 10,000 new homes - Garden Village
Farming - cattle trampling leading to compacted soils - 30% increase
deforestation - forest removed, 35% increased predicted by 2080

geography (6 decks)

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