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Geography > Water and Carbon > Flashcards

Water and Carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

Closed system

A

Energy can freely leave and enter but matter can not

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2
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

A system is maintaining balance

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3
Q

Open system

A

Where matter and energy can be transferred from the system across the boundary into to the surrounding environment

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4
Q

Positive and negative feedback

A

Adds to problem or takes away from problem

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5
Q

Exacerbate

A

Make worse

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6
Q

What are the 5 spheres

A

Cryosphere ( frozen), lithosphere ( rock), atmosphere (gases), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (organisms)

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7
Q

Describe water cycle

A

Water evapotranspirates, cools condensed, rains, water travels as surface run off or infiltration through porous rocks, groundwater flow, water ends up back in sea

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8
Q

how does humidity affect evaporation SPATIAL

A

Less as the closer the air is to saturation point, the slower it is

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9
Q

warmer air hold more or less a water vapour

A

More

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10
Q

Condensation - is this temporal or spatial

A

Temporal

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11
Q

What is the temp and pressure like at the ITCZ, what does it lead to?

A

High temps and low pressure leading to high rates of evaporation

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12
Q

What are the two ways clouds form? What are they?

A

Diabatic - change in temp but volume is constant
Adiabatic - volume increases but no addition of heat

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13
Q

What are the three types of rainfall? What are these?

A

orographic - rises over land due to prevailing winds
Frontal - warm air and cool air meet
Conventional- sun heats ground and water rises and condenses

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14
Q

Why does the ITCZ migrate and where

A

Due to earth tilting, north in summer and south in winter

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15
Q

How does cloud formation and the ITCZ etc drive the climate

A

global circulation model determines cloud formation and distribution of rainfall, between the Hadley and Ferrell cell air sinks causing dry weather

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16
Q

Regional rain patterns - how does it determine the climate regionally INDIAN OCEAN DIAPOLE

A

Indian Ocean diapole , negative diapole causes drought in Eastern Africa, extreme weather

POSITIVE is warm and wet in the west but hotter and drier in the east
Opposite for negative

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17
Q

how does the ENSO cycle drive climate regionally

A

Positive el nino and cool La Niña episodes happen every few years in tropical Pacific Ocean

Extreme = more frequent = more extreme droughts and rainfall events

El Niño is drought in India and Australia and increased rain in USA - opposite for El Nina

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18
Q

How do cryospheric processes drive the climate

A

Ice melting leads to sea level rise less storage in crysoohere

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19
Q

How does water abstraction impact WC

A

abstracted faster than replenished resulting in sinking water table

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20
Q

How does deforestation impact WC

A

less trees less interception so overland flow increases soil is too saturated meaning lack of nutrients = no trees grow so less évapotranspiration less moisture less clouds local climate is drier

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21
Q

How does soil drainage impact water cycle

A

Less excess water so more through flow meaning more flooding lessening to nitrate loss which is eutrophication

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22
Q

Where has afforested incorrectly and his

A

Ireland, planted evergreens so no decomposition from leaf litter

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23
Q

water balance

A

balance between inputs and outputs

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24
Q

Lag time

A

Difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

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25
Q

How does afforestation or deforestation impact hill slope

A

Afforestation = more interception and stem flow more through flow and less groundwater flow

Deforestation = less interception more groundwater flower soil becomes saturated decrease in transpiration

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26
Q

How does urbanisation and agriculture impact hill slope

A

Urbanisation = less or no interception more surface run off soil may reach infiltration capacity

Agriculture = soil erosion no interception meaning more surface run off soil reaches infiltration capacity

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27
Q

How will crop and cattle agriculture impact hill slope differently

A

Crops will under cultivate area meaning more interception and insufficient irrigation more evaporation

Cattle means soil is compacted so more overland flow

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28
Q

How does precipitation/plantsimpact hill slope

A

Soil reaches infiltration capacity if high precipitation

More plants means more transpiration less overland flow

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29
Q

How does deforestation impact drainage basin

A

Less interception and infiltration meaning more overland flow leads to FLASHY HYDROGRAPH meaning more erosion so sedimentation into channel meaning flooding

Everything else same as hill slope

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30
Q

How does water abstraction and farming impact drainage basin

A

Reduces base flow so more water will reach channel before it reaches bank full

Farming like ploughing breaks up soil increasing infiltration

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31
Q

How does urban sprawl and afforestation impact drainage basin

A

Urban sprawl leads to large impermeable surfaces

Afforestation leads to more interception meaning slow process of water to river channel

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32
Q

How does precipitation impact drainage basin

A

Basin already saturated meaning infiltration capacity reaches so overland flow increases

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33
Q

How does photosynthesis, respiration, weathering and out gassing impact carbon cycle

A

photosynthesis sequesters CO2 and respiration releases it

Weathering and carbonation release CO2

Out gassing of CO2 from volcanic eruptions and animals respire returning it to the atmosphere

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34
Q

Explain the physical pump

A

Mixing of surface and deep ocean waters by vertical currents vertical mixing occurs, dissolves CO2

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35
Q

Explain the biological pump

A

Phytoplankton absorb CO2 through photosynthesis can sometimes die and accumulate sediment meaning decomposition occurs

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36
Q

How do humans contribute to carbon cycle

A

Combustion

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37
Q

How is carbon stored in lithosphere

A

Inorganic deposits include coal oil and natural gas in the soil, including litter and organic matter

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38
Q

How is carbon stored in hydrosphere

A

Processes including dissolution (CO2 dissolved into water) biological uptake (through photosynthesis) and sedimentation (marine organisms decompose on ocean floor)

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39
Q

How is carbon stored in biosphere

A

Vegetation biomass and plant litter soil humus which originates from decomposition

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40
Q

How is carbon stored in atmosphere

A

Gases like methane, respiration from animals and out gassing

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41
Q

How is carbon stored in the cryosphere

A

Permafrost thaws

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42
Q

What are the five processses that make up the slow carbon cycle

A

Weathering, outgassing, diffusion and vertical mixing, biological pump

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43
Q

How is the rock cycle linked to the transfer of carbon

A

Carbonation

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44
Q

How is carbon transferred from ocean sediments to atmosphere

A

Upwelling brings CO2 to surface

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45
Q

What are the five fast carbon cycle processes

A

Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion, carbon sequestration

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46
Q

How do humans contribute to the fast carbon cycle

A

Rearing cattle logging combustion respiration transport

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47
Q

How much carbon does wood hold

A

50%

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48
Q

Describe what happens in the lithosere

A

1) first pioneers are lichens and mosses and are tolerant of extreme conditions then form thin soil
2) next is grasses and herbs, these add more roots so soil holds more water
3) larger plants like shrubs and bushes grow, outgrowing other plants
4) trees grow slowly = climax community

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49
Q

Chelation

A

Humus wears down rock

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50
Q

Diurnal changes to WC

A

Photosynthesis in the day
Respiration at night
More carbon released at night

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51
Q

Annual/seasonal changes to WC

A

growing season can be seen by the way carbon fluctuates in atmosphere
Higher NPP in summer

52
Q

Long term changed to WC

A

Nature tends to keep it balanced which allows planet to remain hospitable for life, humans upset balance through fossil fuel burning

53
Q

Natural and human processes for carbon sequestration

A

Oceans absorbing through biological pump
Carbon capture and storage

54
Q

How do humans impact carbon stores at local scale

A

Photosynthesis = afforestation or deforestation
Combustion = urbanisation and slash and burn

55
Q

What is the other word for human emissions

A

Anthropogenic emissions

56
Q

Impacts of cold conditions in carbon stores

A

Holds more carbon so more chemical weathering, forest coverage woukd be different which impacts photosynthesis and respiration meaning lower NPP , less water flows in ocean as it’s locked up in Ice

57
Q

How does warm conditions impact carbon stores

A

Permafrost thaws

58
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

Slight variation in suns radiation meaning temp increases

59
Q

Orbital cycles

A

Variations in suns radiation

60
Q

How do volcanos emit CO2

A

Eruptions and underground magma eg outgassing

61
Q

How do volcanos impact albedo affect

A

Release ash meaning it reflects sunlight so it’s cooler short term it also reduces photosynthesis

62
Q

How were volcanoes significant over time

A

Past: flood basalts
Present: degassing
Future: perhaps less volcanic activity

63
Q

How do wildfires start

A

Lightning strikes
Human activity

64
Q

How can wildfires burn beneath the ground

A

Peat

65
Q

Indonesia - what is the population like? What does this lead to?

A

Densely populated - deforestation- drier material is more likely to combust

66
Q

Indonesia: how much of the worlds carbon does it store in its tropical pet land

A

55%

67
Q

Indonesia: wildfires occur in period of what? What are they closely linked to?

A

Drought - land use

68
Q

Canada: wildfires can turn the forests from a what to a what? What insect has migrated?

A

Sink to source - bark beetle as they thrive in warmer conditions

69
Q

Boreal forests contain how much carbon? What is it underlain by?

A

300 billion tonnes - permafrost which is flammable if deforestation occurs

70
Q

What do bark beetles lead to

A

Decomposition

71
Q

How much of anthropogenic emissions are because of fossil fuels making

A

90%

72
Q

How does cement manufacturing impact carbon cycle

A

Burns fossil fuels for the process

73
Q

How does hydrocarbon extraction in the tundra impact the carbon cycle

A

Permafrost thaws and ash flares release soot which impacts albédo making it warmer

74
Q

What is the name of the pipeline in the tundra

A

Trans Alaska pipeline

75
Q

How does ploughing and harvesting impact WC

A

Introduces air to soil meaning more decomposition so carbon is released

76
Q

Rearing livestock impacts

A

Enteric fermentation

77
Q

Rice farming impacts

A

Rice paddies generate methane meaning fields must be flooded which blocks oxygen which releases Methane

78
Q

How do farms sequester carbon

A

Raise level of organic matter within soil which stores more carbon

79
Q

Example of sustainable farming? What is the relationship between rice and fish?

A

Nigeria - symbiotic meaning it reduces methane by reducing anaerobic conditions that are necessary to methane production

80
Q

How does the farming in Nigeria do nutrient cycling and reduce chemical use?

A

Fish provide natural fertiliser so reduces the need for synthetic fertilisers

81
Q

Land use change: forestry, how long do forests sequester carbon for

A

Increases carbon stores
Sequester carbon but are only sinks for the first 100 years

82
Q

What is the great greenwall? How much carbon does it sequester

A

In Africa - 250 million tonnes
Reverse desertification

83
Q

Land use change: farming

A

Clears forest
Less photosynthesis
Soil erosion and arable farming reduces carbon content

84
Q

Land use change: urbanisation

A

Usually caused by growing population
Deforestation
Less sequestration
Concrete production uses fossil fuels

85
Q

How many mega cities pledged to be carbon neutral by 2050

A

25

86
Q

5 ways to manage deforestation

A

Selective logging and replanting
Conservation
Education
Ecotourism
International agreements

87
Q

Radiative forcing

A

Difference between incoming solar energy absorbed by the earth and energy radiated back to space

88
Q

What is carbon fertilisation

A

Plants grow more

89
Q

Less carbon in ocean means

A

Shells are more fragile

90
Q

Acidic ocean leads to

A

Ocean warming
Less phytoplankton
Habitats lost due to melting of sea ice

91
Q

How does burning fossil fuels mess to more precipitation

A

Enhanced GHE = warmer oceans = more evaporation

92
Q

how does deforestation lead to more evaporation and precipitation

A

More carbon released = enhanced GHE

93
Q

how does more rain mean more sequestration

A

More plant growth more sequestration higher NPP

94
Q

Why is carbon important to land

A

Formation of soil
Carbon in the form of organic matter introduces nutrients and provides structure
Essential for plant growth
Provides energy

95
Q

Why is carbon important to oceans

A

Carbon converts to calcium carbonate which is used to build shells
Impacts presence of phytoplankton

96
Q

Why is carbon important to atmosphere

A

Warms earth so its habitable

97
Q

Water is important to land

A

Needed for crop growth
Fresh drinking water

98
Q

Water needed for oceans, what is the circulation called

A

Provides habitat
Thermohalene circulation moves nutrients around planet

99
Q

Water needed for atmosphere

A

Water vapour leads to GHE
, weather and temp regulation

100
Q

Positive feedback loop for water

A

Ice reflects heat from sun so less heat absorbed
Less Ice means less reflection
Affects rain patterns

101
Q

6 main impacts of climate change

A

Precipitation patterns change
Extreme weather
Agricultural productivity
Seal level rise
New species damage local ecosystem
Less plankton

102
Q

What will happen if we have a 2 degree increase in temp

A

Permafrost thaws
More rain means soils will absorb less methane
Biome shifts

103
Q

When was the Paris agreement

A

2015

104
Q

Where is doing CCS

A

Uk or Canada

105
Q

Who is protecting mangrovez

A

Sri Lanka

106
Q

Who is modifying deforestation

A

Malaysia selective management system

107
Q

Who is doing government policies

A

Brazil

108
Q

How to mitigate climate change

A

Solar renewable energy, less meat, sustainer travel, CCS,afforestation

109
Q

What city is nicknames the green city

A

Freiburg Germany

110
Q

What are 5 minutgatuon strategies

A

International agreements (eg Paris 2015)
Modifying industrial combustion
Modifying photosynthesis
Modifying lang use change
Modifying combustion

111
Q

How much does it rain annually in the Amazon

A

2300mm

112
Q

What are the soils like in the Amazon

A

Latosols, nutrient poor

113
Q

Amazons warm wet environment is ideal for

A

Decomposition

114
Q

In theory the soil shouldn’t support the amount of trees there are but why does it

A

High decomposition and fèces

115
Q

What are the main impacts of slash and burn

A

Reduces humidity of soils so top layer facilitates evaporation
Increases albedo

116
Q

How does climate change impact WC

A

Rainfall patterns on a local/regional scale
Less évapotranspiration meaning less humidity
More decomposition due to warmer conditions

117
Q

How does vegetation changed impact WC

A

Drought and high temp kills trees meaning more decomp

118
Q

How does soil changed impact WC

A

Forest clearance means soil is exposed making it saturated

119
Q

Where is the river Eden

A

Between Pennines and lake district

120
Q

What urban place is near river Eden

A

Carslile

121
Q

What is rainfall, relief, geology and vegetation/ soils like near the river

A

1) higher than national average
2) steep and long relatively narrow increases lag time
3) impermeable rocks
3) extensive peat bog souls and dominated by mosses and ferns means low interception

122
Q

How does farming impact river Eden

A

Intense livestock and machinery compact soils meaning flooding increases

123
Q

How does construction impact the river

A

Build on floodplains

124
Q

How does deforestation impact the river

A

Flooding due to less interception

125
Q

When was storm Desmond and what were the impacts

A

2015
M6 flooded
40 schools in Cumbria closed

Geography (3 decks)

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