Water and Carbon Flashcards

Question

What does it mean for a rock to be porous and permeable?

Answer 1

Porous = the rocks contain pores Permeable = the rocks allow water to pass through them

Answer 2

- water enters the rocks directly by entering exposed rock or very slowly when water drains through overlying soil - These soils vary in their capacity to store and transfer water known as the soil budget

Answer 3

A soils ability to store and transfer water

Answer 4

Porous and sandy souls hold little moisture as water easily transfers through the pore spaces

Answer 5

Clay soils tend to store water with very limited transfer

Answer 6

The upper layer of saturated rock which rises and falls in response to groundwater flow, this needs to be kept at the same level (an equilibrium)

Answer 7

Aquifers formed thousands of years ago in hot climates when the climate was much wetter, no mew water is coming in so many are becoming unsustainably exploited

Answer 8

The removal of water from an area

Answer 9

Transfer of water from the atmosphere to the ground

Answer 10

- Water moves from the ground or soil into porous rock or rock fractures

Answer 11

Transfer of water from a gaseous state into a liquid (clouds)

Answer 12

a solid changing state to a gas

Answer 13

When a chunk of a glacier is lost

Answer 14

Water intercepted and stored on the leaves of plants

Answer 15

Transfer of water over the land

Answer 16

Transfer of water from the ground surface into soil where it may percolate into underlying rock

Answer 17

Water flowing through soil towards a river channel

Answer 18

Transfer of water very slowly through rocks

Answer 19

When an iceberg gains volume

Answer 20

When additional water flows into rock (in an aquifer)

Answer 21

During an ice age, the cryosphere store will increase in size because there will be less ablation due to lower temperatures, moreover the lower temperatures will also increase accumulation as greater amounts of water will be snow and ice

Answer 22

In an ice age the hydrosphere store decreases because more water is locked in snow and ice, there is less meltwater in the oceans that can evaporate into the atmosphere

Answer 23

In an ice age, sea levels fall as there is more water in the cryosphere store locked in snow and ice.

Answer 24

Clouds can only form when water vapour condenses on condensation nuclei, usually aerosols

Answer 25

Precipitation

Answer 26

Interception Surface storage Soil storage Vegetation storage Channel storage Groundwater

Answer 27

stem flow/leaf drip Infiltration Percolation Overland flow Throughflow Groundwater flow Stream flow

Answer 28

Transpiration Evaporation River discharge

Answer 29

Relief/Orographic Frontal Convectional

Answer 30

Occurs when warm air is forced over high land -> the air rises and condenses -> forms clouds and precipitation occurs -> the drier air descends once again and evaporates

Answer 31

The sun heats the ground and warm air rises -> as it rises it cools and condenses -> this creates clouds and precipitation. This means tropical rainforests can create their own mini ecosystem of rain

Answer 32

a mass of warm air meets cold air -> the warm air is forced over and above the cold -> the warm air condenses, and rainfall occurs after clouds form.

Answer 33

Collision and coalescence Bergeron-findesein

Answer 34

Within a Columbo nimbus (tall) cloud ,hot air rises while cold air sinks, TMT water droplets collide in the air, forming bigger and bigger droplets, these collide and coalesce until they become so large and heavy they eventually drop out from the clouds, forming precipitation.

Answer 35

It is believed in the mid latitudes that water vapour will condense on ice crystals, making them larger, pushing the system out of equilibrium (positive feedback example). these large ice crystals then precipitate as rainfall

Answer 36

Hadley -> Ferrel -> Polar

Answer 37

High pressure occurs when air sinks, as a result, it happens inbetween the Hadley and Ferrel cells at 30 degrees N and S. High pressure tends to lead to settled and (warmer) drier weather

Answer 38

Low pressure occurs when air rises, as a result, it occurs between the two hadley cells around the equator as well as inbetween the ferrel and polar cells at 60 degrees N and S. Low pressure tends to create unsettled wet and windy conditions.

Answer 39

The intertropical convergence zone is the zone of most intense solar radiation. It moves south in northern winter because it moves to the hottest hemisphere, where more solar radiation is concentrated

Answer 40

P = Q + E + change in S precipitation = Runoff or discharge + Evapotranspiration + change in storage.

Answer 41

Precipitation is in excess of evapotranspiration, therefore there is soil moisture recharge and a water surplus

Answer 42

Evapotranspiration occurs at a greater rate than precipitation, whilst there is soil moisture utilisation, meaning there is a large water deficit.

Answer 43

A river regime is the annual variation in the discharge of a river, the amount of water that travels through a river and how this changes throughout the year. mainly in response to precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and drainage basin.

Answer 44

The volume of a river at a certain point

Answer 45

Difference between peak precipitation and peak discharge

Answer 46

The point at which the river has the maximum volume of water in a river prior to its banks overflowing

Answer 47

Greater infiltraion = longer lag time less infiltration = shorter lag time this is because if there is less infiltration there is more runoff, meaning water reaches river quicker meaning the lag time is shorter Throughflow and groundwater flow through soil and rock transfers water much slower than runoff.

Answer 48

● Discharge: The volume of water passing through a cross-sectional point of the river at any one point in time, measured in Cubic Metres Per Second (Cumecs). Made up of the baseflow and stormflow. ● Rising Limb: The line on the graph that represents the discharge increasing. ● Falling Limb: The line on the graph that represents the discharge decreasing. ● Lag Time: The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge. ● Baseflow: The level of groundwater flow. ● Stormflow: Comprised of overland flow and throughflow. ● Bankfull Discharge: The maximum capacity of the river. If discharge exceeds this then the river will burst its banks and be in flood.

Answer 49

- moorland (less trees and interception) - Urbanised areas (less interception due to impermeable surfaces) - Steep slopes have no time for interception - heacy rain saturated land - woods in winter have less interception and transpiration - snowfall has melting ice - high density stream drainage system

Answer 50

- Woodland more trees and interception - Rural areas more trees and interception - gentle slopes, more time to permeate - less rainfall - dry areas unless a hard crust has formed on soil - wood in summer have more leaves and transpiration storage - low density stream drainage system

Answer 51

- Seasonal variations - Droughts

Answer 52

- Land use changes - Farming practices - Water abstraction - Irrigation - Land Drainage

Answer 53

In the summer months - rainfall lower but maybe more storms - vegetation is grown and interception and transpiration is increased - Higher temperatures increases evaporation - more water can be stored in warm air - Dry soils increase infiltration, but baked hard soils can increase runoff and overland flow - River channels have lower flow In the winter months: - Greater quantities of precipitation with potential for snow - vegetation dies reducing interception and transpiration - lower temperatures reduce evaporation - river channels have much higher levels of flow

Answer 54

- Droughts cause a reduction in water stores - Vegetation dies or is destroyed by fire, affecting interception, infiltration and transpiration - Heat and dry air increases evaporation but as the ground dries, but as ground dires up and trees transpire less levels of evaporation may decrease and less water is available for evaporation - Soils dry out reducing soli water store and reducing throughflow

Answer 55

Urbanisation: creates impermeable surfaces like concrete and Tarmac , TMT water cannot infiltrate the ground, increasing surface runoff making flooding more likely, reducing groundwater and soil water stores (where water travels much slower) drainage systems can also means water gets to rivers faster than it otherwise would have Deforestation: The removal of trees means there is less transpiration through roots, and less water is absorbed through photosynthesis, as a result less water reaches the soil store.

Answer 56

Irrigation or land drainage can affect the water cycle. arable crops have less interception potential than other plants, reducing infiltration into the soil and increasing runoff. additionally pastoral farming can compact the land, further reducing infiltration

Answer 57

If water is abstracted from rivers and aquifers the distribution of water among its stores will change significantly

Answer 58

In hot environments it can beused to reduce evaporation in hot environments, although these processes themselves use up water

Answer 59

Low lying land in the somerset levels and the fens used to be submerged but thanks to drainage techniques they have become highly productive farmland, the drainage of these peatlands have lowered the water table and has changed the rates of infiltration and evaporation.

Answer 60

Atmosphere Ocean surface Phytoplankton Plants Food web Coal, oil and gas Sedimentary rocks shelfish and corals deep ocean sediments deep ocean currents

Answer 61

volcanic eruption photosynethesis diffusion respiration combustion of fossil fuels and burning decomposition weathering and erosion sinking rock cycle

Answer 62

- Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Biosphere - Atmosphere

Answer 63

60,000,000 gigatons - 100,000,000 gt

Answer 64

38,000 gt in oceans 700 in other water sources

Answer 65

560gt in biomass, 2300 gt in soil

Answer 66

Store takes in more carbon than it releases

Answer 67

Store releases more carbon than it takes in

Answer 68

Oceans Forests Artifical sinks (carbon capture)

Answer 69

The removal of carbon from the atmosphere

Answer 70

Combustion - When fossil fuels and organic matter such as trees are burnt, they emit CO ₂ into the atmosphere, that was previously locked inside of them. This may occur when fossil fuels are burnt to produce energy, or if wildfires occur.

Answer 71

Living organisms convert Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere and Water from the soil, into Oxygen and Glucose using Light Energy. By removing CO ₂ from the atmosphere, plants are sequestering carbon (see below) and reducing the potential impacts of climate change. The process of photosynthesis occurs when chlorophyll in the leaves of the plant react with CO ₂, to create the carbohydrate glucose. Photosynthesis helps to maintain the balance between oxygen and CO₂ in the atmosphere. The formula is shown below: Carbon Dioxide + Water → Light Energy → Oxygen + Glucose

Answer 72

6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight = c6h12o6 + 6o2

Answer 73

Respiration occurs when plants and animals convert oxygen and glucose into energy which then produces the waste products of water and CO ₂. It is therefore chemically the opposite of photosynthesis: Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Answer 74

Carbonic acids react with limestone (CaCo3), dissolved carbon flows to the sea, moving from lithosphere to hydrosphere

Answer 75

Decomposers relase CH4 (methane) as life decomposes, moving carbon from the biosphere to the lithosphere

Answer 76

When shelled marine organisms (who convert carbon in the ocean into calcium carbonateshells) die, their shell fragments fall to the ocean floor and become compacted over time to form limestone (Hydrosphere to lithosphere) . Organic matter from vegetation and decaying marine organisms is compacted over time, whether on land or in the sea, to form fossil fuel deposits of hydrocarbons like coal or oil.

Answer 77

The process in which cooler water can absorb more co2 that has been dissolved in the ocean whilst warmer water can contain and absorb less co2, creating an equilibrium. If temperature are cooler and more co2 is absorbed in the water, it's acidity is increased allowing phytoplankton to photosynthesize.

Answer 78

over hundreds of years as soils are able to store more carbon, the plants become more diverse, benefitting from the increased carbon supply, the number of different habitats that are established as wildlife is abundant is known as vegetation succession.

Answer 79

a succession that relates to a specific environment, and each stage in the succession can be called a seral stage.

Answer 80

When the final stage of a sere is reached, the system reaches a dynamic equilibrium known as a climactic climax.

Answer 81

The Psammosere is a coastal sequence: Marram grass -> Bushes and shrubs -> trees

Answer 82

the position of the earth related to the sun. When the earth is further from to the sun when the eccentricity of the earths orbit is more oblique and oval, less energy is received so temperatures increase and vice versa

Answer 83

Global warming increases surface temperature Permafrost warms up Frozen organic matter thaws and decays carbon is released into the atmosphere as co2 and methane is released emissions from melting of permafrost accelerate global warming which accelerates permafrost melt.

Answer 84

- the impact of cold conditions on carbon stores and transfers - the impact of warm conditions on carbon stores and transfers - wildfires - volcanic eruptions

Answer 85

Increased co2 storage in permafrost less water rivers in rivers and oceans as there is more locked away in snow and ice less sediment transfers so less buildup of sediment ocean can store more co2 reduced photosynthesis decomposers less effective in the cold so less effective carbon transfer to soils change of forest distribution in area and location

Answer 86

oceans store less co2 melting of permafrost releases co2 and creates a positive feedback loop decomposers are more effective increasing carbon transfer to soil

Answer 87

Combustion moves carbon from biosphere to atmosphere fires burn trees which releases large amounts of co2 Can turn forests from a carbon sink to a carbon source Higher temperatures make the ground and tree more dry, increasnig frequency and severity of forest fires and wildfires

Answer 88

Lithosphere -> Atmosphere eruptions release carbon stored in the earth volcanoes also release lava containing silicates that slowly weather, converting co2 in carbonates into solution, slowly absorbing carbon from the atmosphere however, infrequent and uncommon, releases between 130 and 380 million tons of carbon.

Answer 89

- Combustion of fossil fuels - Land use changes - Farming practices - Deforestation - Urbanisation

Answer 90

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that rapidly release into the atmosphere following combustion. Natural gas, oil and coal are extracted frrom rocks and then burnt to make energy, releasing co2 contributing to global warming through the greenhouse gas effect when long wave radiation is absorbed into the atmosphere Since the industrial revolution, levels of fossil fuel combustion have increased greatly (particularly in developed countries)

Answer 91

Land use changes accounts for 10% of carbon release and includes artificial fertilisers farming cattle cultivation rice cultivation (releases methane) deforestation Land use changes can hjave detrimental impacts on the small scale carbon cycles which create global impacts

Answer 92

- Cattle ranching has livestock that releases methane - Fertilisers produce methane when created as a by product - Rice cultivation produces methane

Answer 93

Large areas being cut down reduce photosynthesis If forests are burned down it will increase combustion of fossil fuels These areas will likely be made into towns or farms that use fertilisers and cultivate cattle WHen trees die they release carbon dioxide they have absorbed, becoming a carbon source rather than store Deforestation accounts for 20% of Co2

Answer 94

2% of land accounts for 97% of all anthropogenic emissions Important stores in the form of vegetation are replaced by towns which involves - deforestation - transport systems - industrial development - creation of cement (2.4% of total emissions)

Answer 95

The amount of carbon gained and lost in the natural and anthropogenic workings of the world - directly traced to the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

Answer 96

Individually - Heating homes, food consumption, travel, plants in garden etc Business levels - How much carbon is produced/ used to operate a business Nationally - nations must compare how much carbon they absorb into relation of their emissions Globally - The actions of any country can affect the planet as a whole

Answer 97

Carbon in the form of organic matter (litterfall) provides important nutrients and structure to the soil which helps plants grow - responsible for the development and formation of soil organic matter is essential for plant growth and the production of food - grass helps sustain animals increased co2 can increase the rate of decay more co2 increases the length of growing seasons more photosynthesis is occuring in plants assuming temperature is not a limiting factor and too high Carbon can affect land use changes, less Co2 = less farms at mid latitudes and more forests. there would also be less wildfires and more intensive agriculture

Answer 98

- Carbon can become calcium carbonate which some marine life converts into shells - increased carbon means more ice melt and flooding causing sea level to rise - Phytoplankton and other organisms consume carbon dioxide as food during photosynthesis which is passed along the food chain - increased co2 means more carbon absorbed by the oceans, making the ocean more acidic, which makes it harder for marine life to build shells out of calcium carbonate. - Increased ocean acidification creates reproductive issues and stunt growth or even kill larvae - Coral ecosystems damaged by Co2, when tempertatures are higher along with acidity, they release the algae they need to survive, bleaching them of their colour (coral bleaching) it is believed 25% of marine life and 500 mil humans are reliant on coral ecosystems - increased salinty of the earth is affected, altering the ocean's density, this (along with increasing temperature changes) can cause some areas of water to sink and others to rise, This moves warm ocean water from tropics to poles, to regulate the earth's climate. TMT changes in ocean tempertaure and salinity could put global climate regulation under threat

Answer 99

Increased GHG effect, increasing the pp, of carbon n the atmosphere and warming the planet

Answer 100

Water vapour feedback Albedo feedback

Answer 101

Land carbon (negative) feedback Cloud feedback (positive) feedback

Answer 102

Methane Hydrates feedback Permafrost methane feedback High latitude peat land feedbacks

Answer 103

- Warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour - Water vapour is a greenhouse gas that increases temperature of the atmosphere - Warmer atmosphere holds more water vapour

Answer 104

- Bright surfaces of snow and ice reflect sunlight rays back into space - increased temperatures melt snow and ice - TMT less heat can be reflected into the amtosphere - increases temperature

Answer 105

Tiny liquid or solid particles suspended in the air that clouds can form on.

Answer 106

- how they form - Their effects on clouds - The vapours that form from aerosole particles aren't understood because they are so minute.

Answer 107

An experiment at CERN known as CLOUD has identified the vapours responsible for aerosol formation in the atmosphere

Answer 108

- Identify the vapors responsible for Aerosol formation - investigating whether cosmic rays are enhancing the formation of aerosols in clouds - known as an unnacounted natural climate forcing agent - Trying to find out how cloudy it was before the preindustrial period and how it has changed due to human activities, this allows climate projections to be more precise

Answer 109

Mitigation and Adaptation

Answer 110

Preventing CC

Answer 111

Working to live with climate change

Answer 112

- Modifying industrial combustion - Modifying photosynthesis - Modifying land use change - Modifying deforestation - Political agreements (Paris agreement)

Answer 113

Carbon Capture and Storage uses technology to capture CO2 from coal fired power stations and industry. The gas is often transported to a site where it can be stored and prevented from reaching the atmosphere -> this could cut global emissions by 19%. CO2 is compressed and transported by a pipeline until it reaches and injection well, where it is injected into suitable underground geological reservoirs

Answer 114

Boundary Dam, Canada The Boundary Dam in Saskatchewan became the worlds first commerical CCS scheme at a coal fired plant. It aims to cut down emissions by trapping 90% of CO2 underground, reducing their emmisions by 1 million tonnes a year or 250,000 cars

Answer 115

The economic viability of CCS is often question and it currently depends on how well the CO2 is used in increasing oil productions. CCS can only occur in areas where there are suitable geological reservoirs in places like Finland and Sweden, therefore they can't be used everywhere.

Answer 116

Different tree types are more effective at sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere. Plantation forests - which take up 7% of global forest area - are particularly effective at absorbing CO2 compared to natural forests. The removal of natural forests into plantation forests is seen as a legitimate method at reducing co2 levels in the atmosphere, as well as bringing commercial benefits.

Answer 117

Protecting mangroves in Sri Lanka In 2015, Sri Lanka was thhe first nation to protect all of its mangrove forests after losing 76% of them in the past century. Mangroves absorb more CO2 than any other and store it for hundreds of years in its soil. They also do not burn due to their swampy environment, reducing the threat of Carbon combustion. The Project will cost £2.2 million over 5 years, 26,000,000 million acres will be protected and 9,600 acres will be replanted

Answer 118

Farming practices are the most common type of land use change other than deforestation, Carbon farming is where one type of crop is replaced by another that has greater productivity and can sequester more carbon from the environment.

Answer 119

The 3 main strategies aimed to reduce deforestation are: - Consumers being encouraged to only buy wood that is certified by the FSC (Forestry stewardship council) that grow timber sustainably - Countries, organization and individuals make carbon offset payments to offset their carbon emissions that can be paid to fund sustainable projects. - In Malaysia, the selective management system (selective logging) involves selecting which trees to fell and which to replant - Debt relief so poorer countries do not have to rely on dirty, extractive practices to develop.

Answer 120

The paris agreement.

Answer 121

195 countries adopted the first legally binding climate deal: - Limit the average global temp increase to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels - Meet every 5 years to set more ambitious targets - Provide adaptation support for developing countries - Report to each other and the public on the implementation of their plans to reduce emissions - Developed nations will support initiatives in developing countries aimed at reducing emissions and building resilience to the impact of climate change.

Answer 122

The Amazon Rainforest.

Answer 123

River Exe drainage basin.

Answer 124

In south America either side of the equator, situated in-between the Atlantic ocean and the Andes on the west

Answer 125

7.3 million KM2

Answer 126

mean monthly temps are between 25-27 degrees C

Answer 127

- It has developed over a long period of time - constantly warm temperatures mean reproduction can occur all year round so natural selection and evolution occur fairly rapidly - there is an abundance of water so growth is not restricted by water supply

Answer 128

around 80%

Answer 129

The western Amazon

Answer 130

The western Amazon

Answer 131

The Brazillian government encouraged colonisation of the amazon and sponsored large scale projects to exploit resources

Answer 132

- Cattle ranching - Agricultural practices - settlement and population growth - Logging - Mineral extraction - Road building

Answer 133

- Cattle ranching - Agricultural practices - settlement and population growth - Logging - Mineral extraction - Road building

Answer 134

- A high proportion of its energy and nutrients are stored above ground making it vulnerable to disturbance - Plants are well distributed and have low seed production capabillities therefore unless seeds germinate quickly, they will decompose - The rainforest ecosystem is made up of many complex and deeply interconnected relationships containing many 'keystone' species

Answer 135

The brazil nut tree has a tough not to crack -> the Agouti is one of the only animals strong enough to crack it open and then disperse it throughout the rainforest -> the female euglossine orchard bee is then responsible for pollinating the brazil nut tree's flowers

Answer 136

10 million

Answer 137

10 million

Answer 138

20 million

Answer 139

There is a trend of decreasing levels of carbon accumulation and therefore the amazon is moving from a carbon sink to a carbon source as more trees decompose

Answer 140

175,000 m3 per second or 1/5 or 1/6 of the total discharge into the oceans by all rivers

Answer 141

Crops like soya or palm oil are grown commercially or for pasture land for cattle grazing in the amazon

Answer 142

Crops like soya or palm oil are grown commercially or for pasture land for cattle grazing in the amazon

Answer 143

Logging is the process of cutting down trees for use as timber to make products that can be sold like furniture. This can either be clear felling or selective logging Clear felling involves the complete removal of trees from an area While during selective logging only trees that are dying old or ill are cut down and then replaced with other trees

Answer 144

Trees are not only cleared for the space for roads, but it also means that it allows for more development as it becomes more easily accessible in the rainforest that will harm the rainforest.

Answer 145

The population and number of settlements in the amazon are growing, with many migrating looking for work associated with the natural wealth of the environment The Brazillian amazon population grew by 23% between 2000 and 2010 (11% above the national average)

Answer 146

Increased deforestation -> soils and enivronment become drier as less trees create moisture -> this creates more wildifres in SSE Amazonia -> There are increased atmospheric aerosols created -> Droplet size decreases, increased cloud height and cloud lifetime all decreasing levels of rainfalls -> Increased deforestation and climate change

Answer 147

- Many environmental species living in the amazon will migrate away from amazon to find a more suitable home - Higher temperatures could damage biodiversity with many temperature dependent animals like fish changing their distribution or it could have potentially lethal affects - Reduced rainfall and increased temps could reduce suitable habitats which could lead to new species entering the amazon which could kill the native animal population - Less rainfall could massively affect amazon rivers and freshwater ecosystems as it will create less nutrient input into streams - Sea level rise associated flooding could harm lowland areas - Sea level rise, increased temperature and changes in rainfall and runoff will cause major changes in species habitats.

Answer 148

When forests are cut down, less moisture goes into the atmosphere and rainfall will decline

Answer 149

- The removal of trees deprives the forest floor of shade, which could create more extreme temperature swings that can harm plants and animals - without protection from the sun many tropical soils will dry out - Soils in the amazon hold lots of carbon in their top layer, clearance and burning ( deforestation ) means that much of this carbon is released, much of this will be washed away into rivers and some will be lost to the atmosphere

Answer 150

- Increased soil erosion and weathering of soils so more water and other chemicals is washed into rivers - Flash floods are more likely to happen, as there is less interception and absorption by the forest - More droughts occur because of less moisture and more forest fires - more soil and silt is washed into rivers, resulting in changes to waterways and transport - water supplies to the people of Brazil will be disrupted

Answer 151

The river Exe flows 83km from the Exmoor hills in Somerset through Tiverton and Exeter in Devon before reaching the English Channel in Exmouth.

Answer 152

Area = 601km2 Max elevation = 514m on exmoor where steep relief increases speed water runsoff into the basin Much flatter in the south, lowest point being 26m

Answer 153

84.4% of the drainage basin is underlain by impermeable rock - predominantly devonian sandston. Lots of impermeable rock means 65% of water balance is runoff (much higher than other UK rivers) additionally the drainage ditches in exmoor further increase runoff

Answer 154

Precipitation (1295mm) = evaporation + soil water storage (451mm) + runoff (844mm) . 65% of balance = runoff

Answer 155

- most is agricultural grasslands (67%) - 15% is woodland - 15% is arable farmland - 3% is moors and peat bogs on exmoor

Answer 156

in the north in Exmoor, rainfall is high, which can be absorbed by peat bogs -> if saturated or water flows down drainage channels or steep sided valleys water can runoff to river exe rapidly In the south 82% of land in the lower catchment is either woodland or grass, TMT after flooding discharge recedes slowly as little infiltration occurs

Answer 157

Wimbleball reservoir Peatland restoration on exmoor Exmoor mires project

Answer 158

In 1979, the river Haddeo was dammed to create winbleball reservoir that occupies 150 hectares The reservoir supplies water to Exeter and parts of East Devon Regulates water flow in the area to create a steady river regime throughout the year, reducing peaks and troughs which makes flooding and droughts less likely

Answer 159

Wimble ball reservoir Peatland restoration on Exmoor Exmoor mires project

Answer 160

Wimble ball reservoir Peatland restoration on Exmoor Exmoor mires project

Answer 161

- For decades drainage ditches have been built on exmoor - particularly after WW2 in order to make Britain more agriculturally productive. These have increased the flow of the water, in turn reducing the water quality as higher velocity carries more sediment and silt downstram. - Peat has also been dug up as a fuel source that has scarred the landscape. As the peat dries out it decomposes and lets out lots of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as well as methane

Answer 162

Aims to restore 2000 hectacres of Peat by blocking the drainage diteches with peat blocks or moorland bales. This increases water levels in the bogs, returning it to the boggy, saturated conditions that would've naturally occured, storing carbon in the peat and increasing infiltration.

Answer 163

- More water is being stored in the upper catchment and storage is increased, helping to maintain a consistent supply - Improved water quality as the slower velocity means less sediment is carried in the river, making the water cleaner and less expensive - more carbon is stored and absorbed in peat - Improved leisure, education and recreational activities - Improved biodiversity of birds, plants, butterflies and insects - Improved grazing and water supply for animals.

Answer 164

By 2015, nearly 1000 hectares of peat restored, 100km of drainage ditches blocked and the water table had risen by 2.65 inches -> TMT storm flow and flood peaks have been reduced and baseflows increased.