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geography 2 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What is water security?

A

Having reliable & sustainable source of enough good quality water to meet everyone’s needs

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2
Q

What is a water deficit?

A

When there’s not enough water to meet people’s needs

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3
Q

What is a water surplus?

A

Having more water than needed

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4
Q

Name 3 things water security depends on

A
  1. Amount of water available
  2. Number of people who need it
  3. Ability to access water
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5
Q

What is water insecurity?

A

Not enough clear water to keep everyone healthy, or enable them to make a living

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6
Q

What is water stress?

A
  • When demand for water exceeds supply during a certain period
  • Or when water us not of high enough quality to use
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7
Q

Name 2 reasons why water demand is rising

A
  • Economic development
  • Rising population
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8
Q

Explain why water demand is rising due to rising population + give stat

A

Each person needs water & need more food

Irrigation for agriculture uses 70% of world’s freshwater resources

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9
Q

Name 3 reasons why water demand is rising due to economic development

A
  1. Industrialisation
  2. Energy Production
  3. Rising living standards
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10
Q

Explain why water demand is rising due to industrialisation

A
  • Countries become more developed = produce more goods
    • Manufacturing uses a lot of water
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11
Q

Explain why water demand is rising due to energy production

A

15% of water used to produce energy

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12
Q

Explain why water demand is rising due to rising living standards

A
  • As countries develop = wealth increases = higher standard of living
    • Increases water use = more appliances
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13
Q

Name 2 physical factors that affect water availability

A
  • Climate
  • Geology
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14
Q

Explain how climate affects water availability

A
  • Rely on rainfall = feeds lakes and rivers = water supply
  • Hot = water lost due to evaporation
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15
Q

Explain how geology affects water availability

A
  • Rain falls on impermeable rock = flows into rivers and lakes
    • Easy to get water from
  • Rain falls on permeable rock = flows through them & forms underground water stores (aquifers)
    • Harder to get to but useful in dry places
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16
Q

Name 4 economic and social factors that affect water availability

A
  • Over-abstraction
  • Pollution of water sources
  • Limited infrastructure
  • Poverty
17
Q

What is over-abstraction?

A

More water being used than replaced

18
Q

Name 3 things over-abstraction is caused by

A
  • Improvements in sanitation and person hygiene
  • Population growth & economic development
  • High demand from businesses
    • e.g. tourism & recreation (golf courses) = water stress
19
Q

How does the pollution of water sources affect the water availability?

A

Reduces amount of clean water available

20
Q

Where is pollution of water sources a problem? (2x)

A
  • Human & animal waste hazard for people who share water sources & have no access to sanitation
  • Problem in rapidly industrialising countries
    • Where industrial waste dumped into river with treatment
21
Q

Explain how limited infrastructure affects water availability

A

Rapid urbanisation = water pipes & sewers can’t be built quickly enough to supply population and prevent sewage from contaminating supply

22
Q

Explain how poverty affects water availability

A
  1. Water providers charge fee for supplying water to homes
  2. People too poor = find other sources of water = not safe to drink
23
Q

Name 4 impacts of water insecurity

A
  1. Food production
  2. Pollution and disease
  3. Industrial output
  4. Conflict
24
Q

Explain how water insecurity affects food production

A
  • Irrigation for agriculture uses lot of water
  • = shortage = less food = starvation
25
Q

Explain how water insecurity affects conflict

A
  • When areas of water insecurity share same water supply, water shortage = conflict
  • e.g. if 1 country take water from river = reduce water security of countries downstream
26
Q

Explain how water insecurity causes pollution and disease

A
  1. Supplies of drinking water = polluted by sewage, industrial chemicals or nitrogen from fertilisers
  2. Diseases (e.g. cholera and typhoid) caused by micro-organism passed on through water containing untreated sewage
  3. People forced to drink polluted water = death or disease
27
Q

Explain how water insecurity affects industrial output

A
  1. Manufacturing industries use lot of water
  2. Can’t produce as much during water shortages
  3. Reduce people’s wages & affects economy
28
Q

Name 3 ways of increasing water supplies

A
  1. Water Transfer
  2. Dams and Reservoirs
  3. Desalination
29
Q

What are water diversion schemes?

A

Transfer water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit

30
Q

Name 2 ways a water deficit can be created

A

Seasonal variations or unpredictable rainfall

31
Q

What is a water transfer?

A

Large-scale engineering projects = move water from river that has surplus water to river that has shortage

32
Q

How can water be transferred in water transfer?

A

Canals & pipes

33
Q

How can you improve water flow in water transfers?

A

Original river channel can be dredged (depended)

geography 2 (4 decks)

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