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Water Flashcards

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1
Q

How much water does the average USA family use?

A

1300 litres per day.

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2
Q

How much water does the average African family use per day?

A

22 litres.

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3
Q

What countries tend to use more money?

A

HICs

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4
Q

What are the factors affecting water usage?

A

Manufacturing products.
Established water distribution networks.
Water abstraction is expensive.
Using water in non essential ways (richer people do this).

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5
Q

What is your water footprint?

A

The amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.
The total volume of freshwater consumed and polluted for the production of the goods and services used by the consumer.

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6
Q

Globally, what percentage of our water is used to grow food?

A

70 percent.

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7
Q

Globally, what percentage of our water is used to supply industry?

A

20 percent.

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8
Q

Globally, what percentage of water is used on home water supply?

A

10 percent.

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9
Q

How much water is used in the production of beef?

A

4650 litres.

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10
Q

Where is Lesotho?

A

A small country surrounded by South Africa.

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11
Q

Why does Lesotho have a good water supply?

A

High rainfall average of 1300mm a year.

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12
Q

Why does Johannesburg have water issues?

A

Low rainfall rates of 700mm a year with a population of 3.5 million.

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13
Q

What is the Lesotho Highland Water project?

A

A major water transfer scheme. The Katse dam was built across the Malibamat’so river to create a large reservoir. Water is transferred by tunnels and pipelines from the reservoir to the river Vaal in South Africa.

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14
Q

What advantages does the Highlands water project offer to Lesotho?

A

New jobs created during construction of the dam.

The water Lesotho gains could be spent on developing the country’s own water supplies.
(75 percent) of Lesotho’s income is now provided by selling water) this money could help the country develop eg new schools and hospitals.

Provides hydroelectricity to the country.

The people of Lesotho have benefitted from the new paved roads that have been built to build the dams and tunnels.

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15
Q

What disadvantages does the Lesotho highlands water project offer Lesotho?

A

More people mooning into the area has caused an increase in AIDS and alcohol abuse.

The ecosystem in the river is affected as the depth of the water increases behind the dam.

Large areas of land were flooded when the reservoir was created and 2000 people lots their homes.

Good farm land has been lost and only 9 percent of Lesotho can be farmed I’m so this would cause problems such a food supply.

Local children’s route to school has been cut off by the dam which adds an extra hour.

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16
Q

What advantages does the Lesotho highlands water project offer to Johannesburg?

A

Increase the availability of safe drinking water to its people.

The water can supply industries allowing them to expand, provide more jobs and earn more money for the government.

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17
Q

What disadvantages does the Lesotho highlands water project cause for Johannesburg?

A

$8 billion was loaned from the World Bank and it will have to be payed back.

50 percent of water was being lost because of leaking pipes.

Increase in water bills to pay for dams and tunnels.

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18
Q

Name some of the groups affected by the Lesotho highlands water project?

A 
Lesotho farmer 
Displaced family 
The unemployed 
Lesotho government minister 
Resident of Johannesburg 
Johannesburg factory owner.
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19
Q

What are the social impacts of the LHWP on Lesotho?

A

Journey times to school increased

Loss of homes and jobs

Increase in disease

Loss of farmland decreases food supply

New roads makes it easier to travel.

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20
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the LHWP on Lesotho?

A

Loss of farmland

Damage to ecosystems.

Flood control

New roads built.

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21
Q

What are the economic impacts of the LHWP on Lesotho?

A

Selling the water provides 75 percent of Lesotho’s income.

Money used to aid development.

Creation of temporary jobs.

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22
Q

What are the social impacts of the LHWP on Johannesburg?

A

People have access to clean water

More job opportunities in the expanding factories.

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23
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the LHWP on Johannesburg?

A

Extra water being pumped into he River Vaal has changed ecosystems and increased erosion.

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24
Q

What are the economic impacts of the LHWP on Johannesburg?

A

Industries can expand because there is more water available.

Half of the water is lost through leakage.

25
Q

What is water security?

A

Having enough water to keep the population healthy and fed and for the economy to develop sustainably - without damaging the prospects for future generations.

26
Q

What problems are caused by over abstraction in Lake Chad? LIC

A

Some people rely on the lake for human and animal supply. This is unsafe and can lead to diseases such a cholera and polio.

The wetland ecosystems have dried out. Less fish means less income for fisherman and less food which can lead to malnutrition.

Increase in poverty leading to more migration into cities like Kano - increasing demand for water.

Salinisation.

Decrease in jobs.

27
Q

What problems are caused by over abstraction in HIC - Murray Darling drainage basin Australia?

A

A 20 percent drop in rainfall leads to a 70 percent reduction in river flow in these regions.

Less rain means that framers take more water from the river to water crops.

Framers in the upper course are taking out too much water leaving the lower cause of the river to nearly disappear.

This decreases crop yields and has reduced income by an eighth.

Ecologically important sites are disappearing. Eg the Coorong.

The number of migrating birds to the area has reduced by 90 percent.

28
Q

What are the issues with dams?

A

In China, 25000 people were forced to move when a dam was built in the upper course of the River Mekong.

Dams on international rivers can create conflict between countries. Building a dam in one country alters the flow of water, causing problems for people downstream.

Prevent fish migrating. Fishermen and women loose there jobs and there is a lack of food downstream.

29
Q

What is over abstraction ?

A

Taking too much water out of the ground leading to the water store in the ground disappearing.

30
Q

What is drip irrigation?

A

Hose pipes laid along the ground by the side of crops. The hose pipe has small holes in it so that water slowly drips onto the crops. Efficient. No waste of water.

31
Q

What is water security?

A

The reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for healthy, livelihoods and production.

32
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

Underground store of water.

33
Q

What is rainwater harvesting?

A

The accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off.

34
Q

What is short term aid?

A

Immediate reaction. It usually comes in the form of water, food shelter and medicine.

35
Q

What is long term development aid?

A

Tackles the problem over a long period of time and aims to improve education.

36
Q

Why do countries give aid?

A

Diplomacy and good relations.
Tactics.
Economics.

37
Q

What is water security?

A

Having enough water to keep population healthy and fed and for the economy to develop sustainably without damaging the prospects to other generations.

38
Q

How do fruit trees manage water?

A

They are planted on the lower side of a trench where the roots can find water. The food received recycled water.

39
Q

How does water collection from roof manage water?

A

This is grey water that is stored in an underground concrete tank.

40
Q

How does a treadle pump manage water?

A

Used to pump grey water into the vegetable plots.

41
Q

How do vegetable beds in a network of channels manage water?

A

Vegetable beds are filled with organic matter such as leaves and manure. This helps to retain the water. A trench along the contour catches run-off. Rainwater slowly flows along a network of channels.

42
Q

How does fog catching manage water?

A

Water can be collected from fog. Fine mesh nylon nets are suspended vertically between tall poles. The fog condenses on the net and drips into a gutter below. It then passes through sand before being piped to where it is needed.

43
Q

How does a hole in the bund wall manage water?

A

If it rains too much then the extra water goes through a hole in the bund to prevent vegetable plots flooding. The water is collected in a small pool.

44
Q

How much of our water is used to grow food?

A

70 %

45
Q

Define water security.

A

having enough water to keep population healthy and fed and for the economy to develop sustainably - without damaging the prospects for future generations.

46
Q

Why do cities like Kano City in Nigeria have water insecurity?

A

Rural to urban migration from surrounding rural areas which means there is a larger population, and so also a higher demand.
No sewage systems or sewage treatment plans.
Low rainfall.

47
Q

Why are there dry conditions along the tropics?

A

Air sinks as part of the Hadley Cell.

48
Q

What are the conditions like on the equator? Why?

A

Low pressure leads to rainfall.

- convectional rainfall.

49
Q

Why is the Lesotho site good for a dam?

A 
natural rocks contain the water
easily accessible 
it is hidden, so is not an eye-sore
deep valley means more water capacity
have not flooded the homes of people
narrow valley means that a big expensive dam is not needed. 
Lesotho gets lots of relief rainfall.
50
Q

What is a sand dam?

A

Reinforced concrete wall built across a riverbed. When it rains, water and silt goes over the dam but the sand gets trapped behind. The sand holds water. It protects water from evaporation. Filters the water. Fewer water related illnesses. Can provide for 1200 people. Women and children can work instead of spending hours collecting.

takes 2-3 seasons for sand to fill, not instant.
very expensive.
can only be built in certain places.

51
Q

What is the rainwater harvesting technique?

A

vegetable beds are filled with organic matter to retain water. the trench along the contour catches run-off. rainwater slowly falls along a network of channels. the water is collected in a small pool. a treadle pump pumps water up to vegetable pots.
if it rains too much, water goes through a hole in the bund.
can grow crops at the same time.
treadle pump is powered by humans so does not require electricity.
little water is wasted

only supplies water for a few people.
evaporation may occur

52
Q

What is a pumpkin tank?

A

the tank is made from clay, covering a simple bamboo/metal frame.
bamboo guttering collects rainwater. local people make the taps and dig the collection pit.

resources are available locally.
built and maintained by locals.

only provide water for a few people.
taking bamboo from the environment.
it will fill up if it is raining.

53
Q

What is the play pump?

A

pumps water when children play and spin in (round a bout). non-governmental. 1400 litres per hour into a storage pump.

clean water = less disease.
women and young girls can go to school instead of carrying water. easy to build and maintain. fun for the children.

it has to be spinning in order to pump water.
reliant on children and charities.

54
Q

What is drip irrigation?

A

A pipe on the ground drips water into the plants.

water is less likely to be evaporated. water goes directly to the plant. limited water is wasted. can have sensors that detect when water is needed.

quite expensive due to lots of piping.

55
Q

What is fog harvesting?

A

Done in hills. simple fine, mesh nylon nets are suspended vertically between two tall poles. the fog condenses on the net and drips into the gutter below. it then passes through sand before being piped to where it is needed.

cheap. can fit lots in one place.

easily contaminated
may rip or be torn by the wind.
it is not always foggy. 
animals may get trapped. 
some of the foggiest sites are some distance from rural communities.
56
Q

What is over abstraction?

A

when water is taken from aquifers, groundwater levels fall. If the amount of water taken is greater than the amount of water falling as rain, it is called over-abstraction.

57
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a layer of rock, sand, or earth that contains water or allows water to pass through it.

58
Q

Why is lake Chad disappearing?

A

over use of water eg for farming
drought
deforestation
only about 2% of the water from the Komodougon Yobe river basin flows into Lake Chad due to the construction of other dams.

59
Q

Describe a chain of reasoning linked to over-abstraction in Lake Chad.

A

less water in Lake Chad
fewer fish
fisherman have no jobs so do not catch any fish
people become malnourished due to a lack of food
more migration happens to find a better life
lower population

Geography (10 decks)

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