Urbanisation Flashcards
What makes a city a global city?
Migration and culture Governance and decision-making Finance and trade Transport hubs Ideas and information
How are global cities categorised?
How well connected they are to the rest of the world and the global economy.
What makes London a global city?
Attractions
Monarchy attracts tourists.
22% of London’s residents do not speak English and are migrants.
Media eg BBC…
What makes Rio De Janeiro a global city?
Gets 2 million tourists each other.
Hosted the Olympics in 2016.
Film festivals attracting investment from all over the world.
Galeao Airport receives over 10 million passengers from around the world each year.
What factors push people away from the rural areas in Brazil?
Little education or training.
Lack of help from the government.
Soils are poor and thin which makes farming difficult.
Area is unattractive.
Weather is extremely hot.
Lack of good schools for education and lack of hospitals.
Lack of transport connections and roads are often poor quality.
What are the pull factors, making people want to move to Rio De Janeiro?
Better quality hospitals and health care facilities.
Better quality schools.
Wages are higher.
More reliable and regular work.
Better access to clean water and electricity.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of losing people in Paraiba (NE Brazil)?
Advantages:
Workers can send money home to the people left behind.
Workers can come back home with the new skills they have learnt.
Disadvantages:
Families are split up if it is just the male who leaves.
Many men don’t return home leaving drought widows - women who have to look after children alone.
The elderly, the young and sick are left behind to look after themselves.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Rio de Janeiro gaining people?
Advantages:
Migrants are a source of cheap labour and work long hours for little pay.
Disadvantages:
Strain on local services eg not enough hospital beds.
Not enough jobs for everyone.
No enough houses so favelas are made like in Rochina.
People who arrive are unskilled with little education.
Increase in crime and prostitution.
Many people work in the informal sector - eg shoe shining.
What challenges does Rio De Janeiro face?
Lack of housing and overcrowding - the population of Rio’s favelas is growing by 100000 every year. Residents only have an average of 4.1 years in education.
Waste - Rio only recycles 3% of its waste.
Traffic - the 8th worst city for traffic.
Water pollution - Only 40% of sewage gets treated in Rio.
What solutions are there for a lack of housing and overcrowding in Rio?
Self help schemes - the government has provided residents with materials that they can use to build and improve their homes. Now, 75% of homes have electricity.
What solutions are there to the waste in Rio?
A modern recycling plant has been built in Rio. Its aim is to capture the methane gases produced by the waste. This renewable form of energy will consume 30 tonnes of garbage a day and produces one megawatt of electricity, powering 1000 homes.
What solutions are there to the water pollution in Rio?
Guanabara clean up progam established. New sewage treatment plants have been built with 12 new sewage works. This meant that now over 50% of Rio’s homes have proper sewage disposal. the government is also bringing in stricter laws and fines to punish those companies who pollute waterways.
What are the solutions to the traffic in Rio de Janeiro?
Cable cars provide access across favelas so people don’t have to drive across the city. Nearly all taxis in Rio run on compressed natural gas. Public transport networks, such as buses and metro lines (Rio Light Rail Transit System) are being expanded. The Light Rail System will take 285000 passengers a day and will be a sustainable alternative to cars. The city now has 450 km of cycle lanes.
What type of country is Tokyo?
High Income Country.
What makes Tokyo a global city?
Fashion Food Business Finance Sport Population Transport...
What is Japans population distribution pattern?
Not evenly spread.
due to the mountainous land, only the flat land is near the coast. This is where most people live. For this reason, the population density of Tokyo is very high.
Tokyo also has an ageing population as a result of a low birth and death rate.
What challenges does Tokyo face?
Ageing population - population is due to half in the next 90 years, with nearly half of its residents being over retirement age. This will put strain on hospitals and there will be fewer people of working age - causing Tokyo’s competitiveness to dive.
Lack of housing and high rent - less people are marrying and more people are living on their own. It is around 3145 yen per square metre to rent a property, there aren’t enough houses to go around.
Public transport overcrowded - railway networks in Tokyo carry 40 million passengers daily, with an average overcrowding rate of 166%.
WASTE AND EARTHQUAKES.
What solutions are there to overcrowding/shortage of space in Tokyo?
Coffin apartments
Clever architecture eg penguin house.
What solutions are there to the problem of transport in Tokyo?
Increased the number of lanes and widened roads. Built roads underground and on top of each other. Upgraded traffic lights, redirecting traffic lights with new signs and routes. Promoting the use of public transport. Introduction of buses run on hydrogen fuel cells. Reduced the number of illegally parked cars that have caused blockages on roads.
What solutions are there to the problem of waste in Tokyo?
Incineration plants that will also produce electricity. Promotion of the three R’s.
How are Tokyo’s earthquake proof buildings developed?
Computer controlled moveable roof weights to counter the shock waves.
Cross - bracing to give added strength and prevent twisting.
Automatic window shutters to prevent falling glass.
Sheer core of reinforced concrete and tensioned cables around lift shaft.
Automatic sprinkler system and gas shut-off to prevent fires.
Strengthened steel and reinforced concrete road supports.
Foundations set deep into the ground.
Rubber shock absorbers.
Base isolator allows sideways movement.
What solutions are there to Tokyo’s ageing population?
Use of robots to plug gaps in its ageing work force. Introduction of a long term care insurance which people pay for from the age of 40 in addition to their pension.
What is counter-urbanisation?
Moving from an urban area to a rural area.
What are the push factors for urban areas?
Traffic Crime rates Lack of space Air pollution High house prices Overcrowded
What are pull factors for rural areas?
Open space Lower house prices Good air quality Peace and quiet Strong sense of community Less traffic
What impacts does counter-urbanisation have on urban areas?
Less demand for housing
Lower house prices
More space
Less traffic
Lots of derelict buildings left unused.
Shops closing down.
What impact does counter-urbanisation have on rural areas?
Increase in house prices…
Locals being priced out of area.
greenfield sites being used.
Potentially more people using public services, making money.
More taxes being paid so local services can be improved.
Where is Bishops castle?
A town in South Shropshire, England. It is east of the border between Wales and England. It is 100km west of Birmingham and 40km SW of Shrewsbury.
What is a mega city?
Urban areas (cities) that have a population greater than 10 million people.
What is a global city?
They have connection with other places around the world.
Why is the growth of cities in developed countries slowed down?
The house prices are higher which makes it difficult to afford.
Limitations on space eg for housing
They have already reached maximum developed.
Rural areas have become nicer to live in because they provide more space.
Due to new technology you no longer have to live in the city to work.
There is a decline in heavy industry eg steel.
Describe the location of Rio.
The South of the Equator. One degree North of the Tropic of Capricorn. South-East of Brazil. Borders the Atlantic Ocean. East of Sao Paulo and South of Belo. Continent of South America.
What is an economic migrant?
A person who moves in search of better employment.
What region of Brazil is gaining the most inter-regional migrants?
South East.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Paraiba (rural NE Brazil) losing people?
ad
cleaner, less disease, more facilities for the people that stay, working people can send money back REMITTANCE
dis
lose a sense of community, less people to work, families may suffer as the people who can work have moved away.
Where is the CBD found in LICs?
Center of the city because all of the roads lead here, easily accessible.
Where is the high quality, modern housing found in LICs?
Around and on the edges of the CBD because it gives people easy access to the town.
Where is the industry found in LICs?
Leading from the CBD to the edges of shanty towns in a wedge shape. This is because it is near main roads so they can transport good easily.
Where is middle class housing found in LICs?
In between the high and the low class residential. This is because they cant afford to be really close to the CBD but they can live in apartments instead of Shanty Towns. 'In between housing'
Where are the low quality houses (favelas) found in LICs?
Furthest away from the city centre because land is cheap and no one else wants it.
How many migrants come to Rio each week?
2000
Why might people move to Rochina?
Nearer to CBD
Cheap housing but better quality than other favelas.
Houses are made of brick.
How is Rochina better than other favelas?
Have better services
Have water tanks on top of their houses
Why do they build upwards in Rio?
That is the only place left (on top of another house).
What is Rocinha like?
Very cramped with 100 to 200 thousand people living in 0.80 square miles.
Residents live in brick houses with some cleaner water but it is very basic
Houses are built upwards
Most houses have electricity and water
Residents have an average of 4.1 years of education.
What are the positives of living in Rocinha?
Sense of community 25 satellite channels Jobs in the informal sector so you don't need an education Schools and shops Brick housing and clean water Work together to build houses. Cultural input eg The Carnival.
Explain the Self Help Schemes for improving the problems faced by favelas.
Tries to solve the issue of bad housing quality
30 million dollars was spent
80000 people were helped
Locals did the labour which made it cheaper
People build their houses using the materials provided
75 percent have electricity
However, it is only basic construction and old materials are thrown away.
Explain the Favela Barrio project that helped improve problems faced by favelas?
1994
Tried to solve the issues of roads, water supply, sewage, leisure facilities and housing in lower risk areas.
Funded 600 million by the InterAmerican Development . They helped people get jobs, improved education, help residents by construction materials and the bank offers one hundred percent mortgage to families to allow them to buy a house .
Won the Habitat Prize from the UN.
However, they cant help families without jobs who cannot afford rent.
Explain the PAC Improvement Programme that helped the problems faced by favelas?
2007
Aim to help transport access, water, sanitation and electricity.
In Rocinha, they want to widen main roads, to allow greater access between neighbourhoods.
Cover the open sewage system.
Increase air circulation and reduce the tuberculosis rate.
300 billion was invested in low-income communities.
Houses were completed in 2010. Services in the favelas improve because people were paying higher taxes.
However, house prices rose by 50 percent so vulnerable residents could no longer afford it.
Some of the projects remain unfinished and less glamorous.
Explain the Green My Favela scheme that aimed to help the problems being faced by favelas.
2011
They identified areas of neglected land which may be suitable for the project. They created green spaces such as a children’s garden.
They aim to improve people diets and the availability of nutritious food and also want the land to be made more productive and to provide an income for some people. they also want to educate children to be more environmentally aware.
They want to share new skills with a wide range of participants.
Keeps the area clean.
People can grow their own food.
Gives people new skills.
However, many of the schemes are only temporary.
They rely a lot on funding.
What is pacification in the favelas?
Sending police units into the slums to remove the gangs and bring back state control. This protects the residents and tourists.
Describe the problem of OVERCROWDING faced by Rio.
Rio has a population density of 6200 per square km.
The steep mountains that surround the narrow flat coastal strips of land and have restricted buildings so there is a lack of flat land.
Describe the problem of WATER POLLUTION faced by Rio.
Since 1864 raw sewage has been draining straight into the bay.
Only 40% of sewage gets treated in Rio
400 tonnes of sewage runs into Guanabara Bay each day.
