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Nutrition Exam 3 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

1
Q

water is the

A

most abundant substance in the body

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2
Q

an average healthy adult has

A

45-75% water

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3
Q

distribution of water depends on

A
  • age
  • gender
  • composition of fat and muscle
  • muscle mass and body composition
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4
Q

distribution of water dependent on age

A
  • percent of water declines with age
  • as we age we lose muscle
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5
Q

distribution of water dependent on gender

A

males have more body water than females because they have more muscle

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6
Q

distribution of water dependent on composition of fat and muscle

A
  • muscle is about 65% water
  • fat is 10-40% water
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7
Q

distribution of water dependent on muscle mass and body composition

A

the more muscle you are, the more water you are

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8
Q

water is a polar molecule

A
  • neutral electrical charge
  • maintains acid-base balance
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9
Q

H2O

A
  • oxygen is negative (-)
  • hydrogens are positive (+)
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10
Q

universal solvent

A
  • liquid in which substances dissolve
  • polarity attracts charged particles into a solution that dissolves proteins, glucose, and some minerals
  • important to digestion
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11
Q

functions of water

A
  • helps transport dissolved nutrients and other substances throughout the body
  • maintains body temperature
  • lubricant
  • provides a protective cushion
  • provides structure to cells
  • participates in hydrolysis and condensation reactions
  • plays a role in acid-base balance
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12
Q

water helps transport dissolved nutrients and other substances throughout the body

A
  • transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells
  • transports waste products away from cells for excretion in urine and stool
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13
Q

water maintains body temperature

A

absorbs and releases heat generated by the body

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14
Q

water is a lubricant for

A
  • joints
  • sensitive eye tissues
  • mouth
  • intestinal tract
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15
Q

water provides a protective cushion

A
  • bathes certain organs with fluid
  • during pregnancy the fetus is surrounded by watery amniotic fluid
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16
Q

water provides structure to cells

A

provides intracellular fluid

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17
Q

water participates in hydrolysis and condensation reactions

A
  • during digestion, water hydrolyzes the bonds of carbs, proteins, and fat
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18
Q

condensation

A

water is formed and released when smaller molecules join together

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19
Q

water plays a role in acid-base balance

A
  • water is used to reduce or increase pH levels
  • breaks down or forms carbonic acid
  • if your drinking alkaline water it doesn’t impact your pH
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20
Q

water balance

A
  • fluid balance (homeostasis)
  • necessary for normal reactions within the cells
  • body adapts to changes in water intake and losses
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21
Q

water balance equation

A

water consumed = water excreted

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22
Q

large intestine is where a lot of water gets reabsorbed

A

that’s why some is lost through the stool

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23
Q

beverages are the largest source of

A

body water

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24
Q

all foods contain some water

A
  • fruits and vegetables contain the most (90+% water)
  • grains contain the least
  • meat is 50-65% water
  • the more whole foods we get in our diet, the more water we get from foods we eat
  • high fiber diet reduces the amount of fluid loss
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25
Q

water generated during metabolism is

A

metabolic water

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26
Q

average daily intake of water

A

2,550 ml (about 2 quarts)

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27
Q

majority of fluid is excreted through

A

the kidneys as urine (sensible water loss)

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28
Q

urine production is dependent on

A

water intake

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29
Q

water is lost through intestinal fluids in the stool

A
  • plant fibers can reduce excretion
  • diarrhea and vomiting can increase excretion
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30
Q

insensible water loss

A

water is evaporated through exhalation (lungs) and through the skin (sweating)

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31
Q

body fluid is located in

A

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
(fluids move between ICF and ECF easily)

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32
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A
  • within the cells
  • largest fluid compartment in the body
  • contains potassium, proteins, and various acids
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33
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A
  • outside the cells
  • contains sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solutions
  • sodium and chloride go together (where sodium goes, water follows)
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34
Q

2 types of extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluids and intravascular fluids

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35
Q

interstitial fluids

A

bathe the outside of cells

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36
Q

intravascular fluids

A

in blood and lymph

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37
Q

more water is found

A

intracellularly (2/3) than extracellularly (1/3)

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38
Q

water is part of many body fluids

A
  • electrolytes: minerals with charged ions that conduct electrical current
  • phosphate
  • potassium
  • magnesium
  • calcium
  • chloride
  • sodium
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39
Q

potassium

A

primary intracellular cation

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40
Q

sodium

A

primary extracellular cation

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41
Q

cations

A

positive charges

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42
Q

anions

A

negative charges

43
Q

electrolytes maintain water balance between compartments

A

sodium has the greatest effect on fluid balance

44
Q

osmosis

A
  • affects the movement of water
  • water moves from a diluted concentration to a high concentration of electrolytes
45
Q

osmotic pressure controls the

A

directional flow of water

46
Q

electrolytes and fluid balance is based on

A

osmolality or the concentration of particles in a solution (# of solutes)

47
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A
  • maintains normal electrolyte concentrations
    -water is attracted to sodium and moves toward it
  • keeps the cell from swelling and bursting
  • aids in electrical conduction in nerve and muscle cells
  • aids in nutrient absorption
  • proteins regulate fluid balance
  • albumin in the vascular space attracts fluid from the interstitial spaces
48
Q

what is the ion exchange in the sodium-potassium pump

A

3 Na+ ions are exchanged for 2 K+ ions

49
Q

the sodium-potassium pump is an active transport system

A

requires energy

50
Q

movement of sodium and potassium in the sodium-potassium pump

A
  • sodium is inside the cell and moves outside the cell
  • potassium is outside the cell and moves inside the cell
51
Q

sodium and blood pressure

A

of the body retains too much fluid, blood volume increases and blood pressure will likely rise

52
Q

which organ regulates blood volume and electrolyte balance

A

the kidneys

53
Q

3 hormones and 1 enzyme control

A

blood volume

54
Q

the 3 hormones that control blood volume

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin
  • angiotensin
  • aldosterone
55
Q

the enzyme that controls blood volume

A

renin

56
Q

RAAS system

A

-how we regulate blood pressure

57
Q

hypertension is the number 1 cause of

A

kidney disease

58
Q

ADH: when blood volume drops

A
  • hypothalamus detects decrease in blood pressure and increase in concentration of salts
  • thirst mechanism and fluid intake are stimulated
  • hypothalamus stimulates pituitary glands to release ADH
  • ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and decrease urine output to maintain a higher blood volume
  • blood volume increases and osmolality returns to normal
59
Q

renin: when blood pressure falls or sodium concentration is reduced

A
  • renin is secreted by the kidneys
  • enzyme splits off a protein called angiotensin I from the protein angiotensinogen found in the blood
60
Q

in the lungs, angiotensin I is converted to

A

angiotensin II

61
Q

angiotensin II

A
  • powerful vasoconstrictor (shrinks blood vessels)
  • stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and salts
  • stimulates the adrenal glands
62
Q

aldosterone

A
  • renin: angiotensin system adapts to changes in dietary sodium intake (consume too little sodium)
  • angiotensin II triggers the adrenal glands to release aldosterone
  • signals kidneys to retain more sodium
  • indirectly leads to water retention
63
Q

water needs depend on

A
  • physical activity
  • environmental factors
  • diet
64
Q

water recommendations from beverages

A

80% intake from beverages

65
Q

water recommendations from food

A

20% from food

66
Q

water recommendations for adult women

A

about 9 cups of fluid per day

67
Q

water recommendations for adult men

A

about 13 cups of fluid per day

68
Q

most people fall between

A

2-3 liters (8-12 cups) of fluid per day

69
Q

dehydration can result from inadequate water intake or too much water loss

A
  • thirst mechanism signals dehydration
  • blood volume decreases, sodium concentration increases in blood
  • brain triggers thirst mechanism and secretion of ADH to reduce urine output
  • fluid inside cells move into blood by osmosis
70
Q

thirst mechanisms signals dehydration

A

dry mouth due to increased electrolyte concentration in the blood –> less water available to make saliva

71
Q

cornerstone method to tell if you’re dehydrated

A

measure body weight before and after exercise

72
Q

measure body weight before and after exercise to tell if you’re dehydrated

A
  • weight loss = water loss
  • best way to know
  • inexpensive
  • simple
  • most accurate
73
Q

monitory urine color to tell if you’re dehydrated

A
  • color darkens with concentration, indicating water loss
  • day to day way to tell
74
Q

alcohol and dehydration

A
  • interferes with water balance by inhibiting ADH
  • can induce urination as quickly as 20 minutes after consumption
  • is dehydrating
  • affects electrolyte concentration, especially potassium
  • older drinkers are less affected than younger drinkers
75
Q

to prevent dehydration from alcohol

A
  • reduce alcohol consumption
  • drink water before, during, and after consuming alcohol
76
Q

diuretics and hypertension

A
  • diuretics can be used in a pharmaceutical way (kidney disease, high blood pressure)
  • first line of treatment for hypertension
77
Q

diuretics promote diuresis by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium

A
  • increased sodium excretion increases fluid excretion
  • reduces blood volume and lowers blood pressure
78
Q

diuretics and potassium

A

some diuretics increase potassium loss and the risk of hypokalemia (low potassium in the blood)

79
Q

hyponatremia

A

a condition of too little sodium in the blood (caused by too much water)

80
Q

for healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, it is difficult to consume too much water

A

drinking fluid too fast without adequate sodium replacement depletes sodium and increases the rate of urine production

81
Q

hyponatremia can cause

A

swelling in the brain

82
Q

hyponatremia symptoms include

A
  • fatigue
  • confusion
  • disorientation
83
Q

dehydration can be caused by

A
  • inadequate water intake
  • participating in strenuous exercise in the heat
  • losing excessive amounts of water due to diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, or use of diuretics
84
Q

as little as a 2% loss of body water can trigger

A
  • loss of STM and LTM
  • lower attention span and cognition
  • reduced ability to maintain core temperature
  • increased risk of urinary tract infections and fatigue
85
Q

consequences of dehydration can be severe for

A
  • children (especially young children who can’t talk yet)
  • elderly (misdiagnosed as dementia)
  • athletes (impairs performance)
86
Q

inadequate water intake

A
  • thirst is often the first physical sign of dehydration
  • water is lost from the body (reduced blood volume)
  • reduced blood pressure
  • hypotension if severe enough
87
Q

hypotension if severe enough

A
  • reduced cardiac output
  • impaired digestion
  • fainting or blackout
88
Q

during dehydrating water is depleted from

A

ECF and ICF

89
Q

tap water

A
  • tap water is perfectly safe
  • monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
90
Q

bottled water is very popular

A
  • may actually be tap water
  • high cost
  • various designer waters on the market
91
Q

sources of bottled water

A
  • mineral water
  • spring water
  • sparkling water
  • distilled water
  • flavored water
  • vitamin or enhanced water
92
Q

mineral water

A
  • water derived from an underground source that contains a specific amount of naturally occurring minerals and trace elements
  • the minerals and elements cannot be added to the water after bottling
93
Q

spring water

A
  • water that is obtained from underground water that flows naturally to the surface
  • the water is collected at the spring or at the site of the well purposefully drilled to obtain this water
94
Q

sparkling water

A
  • spring water that has carbon dioxide gas added to supple bubbles before bottling
  • also sold as seltzer water or club soda
  • this is technically considered a soft drink and doesn’t have to adhere to FDA bottled water regulations
95
Q

distilled water

A

water that has been boiled and processed to remove most, but not all, contaminants

96
Q

flavored water

A
  • water that has a flavor such as lemon or lime added
  • it may also contain added sugars and calories
97
Q

vitamin or enhanced waters

A
  • water that has vitamins, protein, herbs, and/or caffeine added to it
  • such water may also contain added sugars and calories
98
Q

cost to consumers of bottled water

A
  • about $1-$4 per gallon
  • designed waters can cost more than $10 per gallon and may contain added sugar and calories
99
Q

safety and sustainability of bottled water

A
  • generally safe
  • regulated by the FDA
  • may not contain fluoride
  • if not recycled, end up as garbage in landfills
100
Q

benefits to consumers of bottled water

A
  • packaging of bottled water may make it more convenient than tap water
  • may taste better than tap water
101
Q

cost to consumers of tap water

A

about $0.003 per gallon

102
Q

safety and sustainability of tap water

A
  • municipal water is regulated by EPA, state, and local regulations
  • EPA guidelines require that the public have access to water quality reports and be notified if water quality is outside established bounds
103
Q

benefits to consumers of tap water

A
  • available at the faucet
  • often contains fluoride, which helps to prevent tooth decay
  • doesn’t contain any added sugar or calories

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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