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Nutrition Exam 3 > Lifecycle Nutrition > Flashcards

Lifecycle Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

during pregnancy, the diet must support the health of

A

a woman and her growing baby

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2
Q

full term pregnancy lasts

A

39-40 weeks from conception to birth

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3
Q

full term baby is

A

37 weeks and after

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4
Q

doctors won’t let babies go past

A

42 weeks

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5
Q

pregnancy is divided into

A

three 13 week trimesters

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6
Q

prenatal development is divided into 2 periods

A
  • embryonic
  • fetal
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7
Q

the role of the placenta

A
  • nutrients are delivered to and wastes are transported from the developing embryo through the placenta
  • prevents passage of red blood cells, bacteria, and many parge proteins from mother to fetus
  • alcohol, drugs, and other potentially harmful substances can cross the placenta
  • releases hormones required to support the physiological changes of pregnancy
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8
Q

placenta is connected to the baby via

A

the umbilical cord

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9
Q

critical periods

A

developmental stages during which cells and tissue rapidly grow and differentiate to form body structures

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10
Q

critical periods occur in the

A

1st trimester

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11
Q

during these critical periods of the 1st trimester, vulnerable to

A
  • vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and other harmful factors
  • the harm that results is often irreversible
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12
Q

inadequate iron during early pregnancy is associated with

A

poor cognitive development

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13
Q

what things may be able to alter how genes are expressed during critical periods

A

metabolic or fetal programming

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14
Q

what vitamin levels do we want to make sure are high early on, like right at conception

A

vitamin B12

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15
Q

prospective partners should practice healthy habits

A

a man’s and female’s lifestyle and diet habits can affect fertility

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16
Q

factors that may decrease sperm production and function

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol and drug use
  • obesity
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17
Q

nutrients that promote healthy sperm production

A
  • folate and zinc: production of healthy sperm
  • antioxidants: protect sperm from free radical damage
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18
Q

free radicals

A

when molecules have an unpaired electron and can cause damage to healthy molecules

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19
Q

behaviors important for a healthy pregnancy

A

attain a healthy weight (for you) before conception

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20
Q

obesity and overweight are associated with

A
  • infertility
  • pregnancy complications (diabetes, hypertension, induced labor, C-section)
  • birth defects
  • preterm delivery
  • difficult delivery
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21
Q

underweight women are at risk of delivering

A

low birth weight or small for gestational age babies

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22
Q

low birth weight or small for gestational age babies

A

babies at higher risk for developmental disabilities, lung disease, and dying within the first year of life

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23
Q

during pregnancy, limit caffeine intake to

A

< 200 mg/day

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24
Q

smoking during pregnancy increases risk of

A
  • infertility
  • a low birth weight baby
  • stunted growth or intellectual development
  • sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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25
Q

drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to

A
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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26
Q

pregnant women are advised to abstain completely from

A

alcohol

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27
Q

illicit drugs can increase the risk of

A
  • miscarriage
  • preterm labor
  • low birth weight baby
  • birth defects
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28
Q

beware of supplements and herbs because they can

A

pass through the placenta

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29
Q

for a health pregnancy, women should

A

manage chronic conditions

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30
Q

physiological changes in the mother in the 1st trimester

A
  • tender breasts
  • random food carvings and aversions
  • pica
  • morning sickness or nausea
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31
Q

pica

A
  • the carving of nonfood substances
  • this practice can harm the mother and baby
  • rare
  • associated with low blood levels of iron
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32
Q

morning sickness or nausea can occur

A

at any time of the day

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33
Q

morning sickness or nausea

A
  • emotional stress can aggravate the problem
  • occurs because of changes in hormones
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34
Q

ways to alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness or nausea

A

vitamin B6 and ginger

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35
Q

what percent of women experience vomiting throughout pregnancy

A

10-15%

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36
Q

what percent of women’s water breaks naturally

A

10%

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37
Q

recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of < 18.5 (underweight)

A

gain 28-40 pounds

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38
Q

recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of 18.5-24.9 (healthy normal)

A

gain 25-35 pounds

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39
Q

recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight)

A

gain 15-25 pounds

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40
Q

recommended weight gain during pregnancy based on BMI of >30 (obese)

A

gain 11-20 pounds

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41
Q

healthy women gain an average of

A

27.5 pounds

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42
Q

of the pregnancy weight women gain

A
  • fetus is about 1/3 of the weight gained
  • maternal fat stores, uterus, breasts, placenta, blood, and other fluids comprise the rest
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43
Q

weight gain in the 1st trimester

A

only about 2 pounds

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44
Q

additional kcals in the 1st trimester

A

1st trimester doesn’t need any additional kcals

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45
Q

increased needs for vitamins and minerals during pregnancy

A

50% increase in needs for folate, zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and vitamin D

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46
Q

folate

A
  • need 600 micrograms daily
  • take a supplement or consume folate rich foods
  • increase folic acid and folate
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47
Q

folic acid rich foods

A

leafy greens and whole foods

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48
Q

folate protects against

A

neural tube defects

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49
Q

iron

A
  • needed to make additional red blood cells
  • prevents anemia
  • essential for fetal growth and development
  • needed for the growth of the placenta
  • a prenatal vitamin supplement is needed to meet iron needs
50
Q

zinc and copper

A

increased need due to inhibited absorption by iron

51
Q

if iron levels are low

A

will struggle to absorb zinc and copper

52
Q

calcium and vitamin D

A
  • needed to support fetal bone growth
  • prevent low bone mass in the mother
53
Q

choline should be consumed by every mother

A

cognitive function and brain function of the baby

54
Q

choline is found in

A

egg yolks, chicken, and broccoli

55
Q

other needed nutrients if mother is vegetarian or vegan

A

omega 3 fatty acids and vitamin B12

56
Q

overconsumption of vitamin A can be toxic in high amounts

A

associated with birth defects

57
Q

there is a risk of toxicity with vitamins

A

but it’s rare due to prevalence of deficiency

58
Q

foodborne illness is a concern

A

the immune system is weakened during pregnancy

59
Q

pregnant women should avoid

A
  • raw or undercooked meats, fish, and poultry
  • unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juices
  • raw sprouts
60
Q

additional kcals needed in the 2nd trimester

A

an additional 340 kcals daily

61
Q

amount of carbohydrate needs in the 2nd trimester

A

minimum of 175 g carbohydrates per day

62
Q

amount of protein needs in the 2nd trimester

A

protein needs increase 35% to about a minimum of 71 g daily and a range of 80-100 g daily

63
Q

in the 2nd trimester, people with high BMIs

A

aren’t recommended to consume extra kcals

64
Q

in the 2nd trimester make sure to get enough exercise

A
  • 30 minutes or more of moderate, low impact exercise on most days
  • avoid significant increases in body core temperature
65
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

A
  • occurs when a woman develops high blood glucose levels during her pregnancy
  • typically onsets after the 20th week (after the 2nd half of the pregnancy)
66
Q

GDM may result in

A

macrosomia (large baby at birth)

67
Q

GDM creates an increased risk for

A
  • jaundice
  • breathing problems
  • birth defects
  • hypoglycemia after birth
68
Q

hypoglycemia

A

mom overproducing insulin during pregnancy –> baby overproducing insulin after birth

69
Q

risk factors of GDM

A
  • weight
  • age
  • prediabetes
  • ethnicity
  • history of GDM in the family
  • family history of diabetes
  • previous delivery of large baby at birth
70
Q

if you have GDM

A

you are more likely to have diabetes continued in life

71
Q

more pregnancies you have

A

greater risk for GDM

72
Q

GDM impacts what percent of pregnancies

A

about 10%

73
Q

GDM is seen more in

A
  • minorities
  • higher rates with higher rates of diabetes seen
  • family history increases likelihood
74
Q

GDM screening is conducted

A

between 24-28 weeks gestation because in the 2nd half of pregnancy there is a switch from anabolic to catabolic

75
Q

two types of GDM screenings

A

1-hour and 3-hoour OGTT

76
Q

the 1-hour OGTT

A
  • a screener test
  • not fasted
77
Q

the 3-hour OGTT

A
  • a diagnostic tool
  • a fasted test
78
Q

the 1-hour involves the intake of how much glucose

A

50 g of glucose

79
Q

the 3-hour involves the intake of how much glucose

A

100 g of glucose (double the 1-hour)

80
Q

if the 1-hour OGTT test is above this number, then the 3-hour test is done

A

> 140 mg/dl

81
Q

3-hour test check in points

A
  • fasting
  • 1-hour
  • 2-hours
  • 3-hours
82
Q

amount at fasting check in

A

less than 95 mg/dl

83
Q

amount at 1-hour check in

A

less than 180 mg/dl

84
Q

amount at 2-hour check in

A

less than 155 mg/dl

85
Q

amount at 3-hour check in

A

less than 140 mg/dl

86
Q

using the 3-hour test, what needs to have in order to get diagnosed with GDM

A

you have to exceed two of the amounts listed for the check ins

87
Q

pregnancy-induced hypertension includes 3 categories

A
  • gestational hypertension
  • preeclampsia
  • eclampsia
88
Q

gestational hypertension

A

occurs early in pregnancy in women with no history of hypertension

89
Q

preeclampsia

A
  • characterized by hypertension, severe edema, and protein losses in the urine (proteinuria)
  • deprives the fetus of oxygen
  • deprives nutrient rich blood from the placenta
  • higher rates are seen in younger and older pregnancies
90
Q

eclampsia

A
  • can cause seizures
  • major cause of death of women during pregnancy
  • increased risk for hemorrhage
91
Q

the only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia is

A

to deliver the baby

92
Q

kcals needed in the 3rd trimester

A

add an extra 450 kcals

93
Q

the growing baby exerts pressure on the mother’s intestines and stomach, which can cause heartburn - ways to avoid this

A
  • eat frequent, small meals
  • avoid spicy or highly seasoned foods
  • avoid lying down immediately after meals
94
Q

hormonal changes slow movement of food through the GI tract, which may cause constipation - ways to avoid this

A
  • exercise and consume fiber rich foods
  • increase water intake when increasing fiber
95
Q

teenage mothers may face nutritional challenges

A

have a higher risk of smoking and alcohol abuse

96
Q

age 35+ mothers are at higher risk for complications

A

termed geriatric pregnancy

97
Q

lactation

A
  • the production of milk in a woman’s body after birth
  • the infant suckling at the mother’s breast stimulates milk production
98
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

99
Q

oxytocin

A

releases milk for infant to receive through the nipple “letdown response” (the love hormone)

100
Q

breastfeeding

A

mother provides food that is uniquely tailored to meet her infant’s nutritional needs in an easily digestible form

101
Q

breastfeeding right after birth

A

breast milk contains colostrum

102
Q

colostrum

A
  • a yellowish fluid that is lower in fat but higher in protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors
  • called liquid gold
103
Q

breastfeeding 4-7 days after birth

A

breast milk is high in lactose, fat and B vitamins and lower in fat-soluble vitamins, sodium, and other minerals

104
Q

takes time for the milk to come in after birth

A
  • skin to skin contact helps
  • expected to see drop in weight in the baby after birth
105
Q

breastfeeding at 6-7 months

A
  • breast milk has less protein
  • around 6 months you start solids
106
Q

the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends supplementing breast fed babies with

A

vitamin D

107
Q

benefits of breast milk for the baby

A
  • protects against infection, allergies, and chronic disease
  • decreases risk and severity of diarrhea and other intestinal disorders, respiratory and ear infections, meningitis, and UTIs
  • breastfeed babies’ poop doesn’t smell
  • protects against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and inflammation
  • provides antioxidants, hormones, enzymes, and growth factors
  • reduces childhood obesity
  • brain development
108
Q

breast milk effect on brain development

A
  • breast milk contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA)
  • needed for vision and the CNS
  • breast fed infants may have greater cognitive function
109
Q

American Academy of Pediatrics and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for

A
  • the first 6 months
  • and combined with foods during at least the first year
110
Q

physical benefits of breastfeeding for mothers

A
  • oxytocin helps return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size and shape
  • reduces blood loss in the mother after delivery
  • may reduce risk for breast and ovarian cancer
  • may reduce risk for hip fractures later in life, increase bone density, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes
111
Q

other benefits of breastfeeding for mothers

A
  • stress reduction and bonding
  • it’s free
112
Q

additional kcals needed during the first 6 months of breastfeeding

A

500 kcals per day

113
Q

additional kcals needed during the second 6 months of breastfeeding

A

400 kcals per day

114
Q

amount of cups of fluid needed per day for breastfeeding mothers

A

13 cups of fluid per day to meet increased fluid needs

115
Q

during lactation

A

a well balanced diet should meet nutrient needs

116
Q

lactating women who are vegans need adequate amounts of

A

vitamin B12 and zinc

117
Q

low B12 levels in the baby can lead to

A

permanent cognitive damages

118
Q

substances in the mother’s body are transmitted through breast milk

A
  • avoid alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and smoking
  • the answer should not be 0% alcohol
  • alcohol metabolizes out of breast milk at the same rate it metabolizes out of your blood
  • limit caffeine consumption and fish containing methylmercury
119
Q

how should you breastfeed

A

want to empty one breast completely then switch to the other

120
Q

some women might not be able to breastfeed

A
  • women with certain diseases or conditions
  • infants with galactosemia cannot metabolize lactose
  • women taking prescribed medications should check with their doctor or pharmacist to ensure they are safe
121
Q

formula can be a healthy alternative to breastfeeding

A
  • developed to be as similar as possible to breast milk
  • standard formula is made from modified cow’s milk
  • expensive
122
Q

avoid letting infants sleep with a bottle containing sugary liquids

A

as it leads to nursing bottle tooth decay or baby bottle tooth decay and increased risk for ear infections

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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