water Flashcards
where is most freshwater locked up?🎀
the cryosphere
what is residence time?🩷
the amount of time the water is stored there
what is the global water budget?🌻
the difference between inputs and outputs
(eg oceans lose more water than they gain)
how does solar energy drive the hydrological cycle?🚲💕
sun heats the water
evaporation increases
moisture in atmosphere incrwased
condensation and precipitation increase as air cools
how does gravitational potential energy drive the hydrological cycle?🔁💞
water moves by gravity
runoff and groundwater flow transport water to the sea
3 examples of flows?🦋
infiltration
percolation
through flow
5 things that affect the drainage basin?🌷
relief
geology
climate
land use
vegetation
4 human impacts on drainage basins?💐
over-abstraction
deforestation
change of land use (more impermeability)
reservoirs (delays water flow)
a storm hydrograph shows the effects of an individual storm
what are 2 things it includes?🪷🐾
-discharge at a point over a period of time
-lag time between the start and an increase in discharge
what are the 3 types of drought?🐚
meteorological-reduced precipitation
agricultural-insufficient water for crops
hydrological-drainage basin suffers shortfalls
4 examples of soft engineering for flooding?🌴🌺
-reafforestation
-discouraging building near river
-restoration of meandering river channels
-restoration of flood plains to store floodwater
case studies?🌼💓
-China-3 gorges dam, S-N water transfer
-Colorado Basin, Aral Sea
-Cumbria, Singapore
3 examples of hard engineering and their case studies 🪷
dams - 3 gorges china
water transfer projects - china s/n
desalination - israel
causes of water insecurity 🌲
lack of clean water, groundwater contamination, increasing consumption, resource depletion eg aquifers, economic scarcity
causes for growing water demand🌷
growing populations, urbanisation, improving living standards, industrialisation, agriculture
why are rainforests important for the water cycle, regional and global💞
regulate the regional climate
generate flows of moisture across the continent
impacts of drought on the rainforest?
🐯🦁
younger trees die, reducing canopy cover- this reduces humidity, water vapour and rainfall. Dying vegetation+tree litters can cause wildfires.
2 fun water crisis statistical facts?😜😜😜
water shortages&lack of safe water affect 1/3 of the worlds population
12% of the worlds population consumes 80% of its water
causes of physical vs economic water scarcity🩷💕💞💗💗💓
physical:low rainfall+high temps, climate change, human activity affecting availability
economic:high cost of collection, storage, purifying, distributing- some can’t afford
how does over abstraction, changing of land use and reservoirs impact the drainage basin💖
over abstraction: abstracting too much groundwater=rivers dry up in low rainfall
land use: more impermeable surfaces- less infiltration and evapotranspiration
reservoirs: delays the flow of water and removes water from the drainage basin
advantage of enlargenings river channels🩵 and what is this🩵
widening and deepening the river
discharge in the river reduces meaning less risk of flooding downstream
why should we discourage building near river channels?🌝
as the closer to river- the higher the flood risk. high density pops near river very hazardous
why does water price vary globally🦎
privatisation of water
quality of infrastructure
access to water (eg natural resources or lack of safe water)
physical cost of obtaining supply
degree of demand- more scare=high price
