water

Question 1

where is most freshwater locked up?🎀

Answer 1

the cryosphere

Question 2

what is residence time?🩷

Answer 2

the amount of time the water is stored there

Question 3

what is the global water budget?🌻

Answer 3

the difference between inputs and outputs
(eg oceans lose more water than they gain)

Question 4

how does solar energy drive the hydrological cycle?🚲💕

Answer 4

sun heats the water
evaporation increases
moisture in atmosphere incrwased
condensation and precipitation increase as air cools

Question 5

how does gravitational potential energy drive the hydrological cycle?🔁💞

Answer 5

water moves by gravity
runoff and groundwater flow transport water to the sea

Question 6

3 examples of flows?🦋

Answer 6

infiltration
percolation
through flow

Question 7

5 things that affect the drainage basin?🌷

Answer 7

relief
geology
climate
land use
vegetation

Question 8

4 human impacts on drainage basins?💐

Answer 8

over-abstraction
deforestation
change of land use (more impermeability)
reservoirs (delays water flow)

Question 9

a storm hydrograph shows the effects of an individual storm
what are 2 things it includes?🪷🐾

Answer 9

-discharge at a point over a period of time
-lag time between the start and an increase in discharge

Question 10

what are the 3 types of drought?🐚

Answer 10

meteorological-reduced precipitation
agricultural-insufficient water for crops
hydrological-drainage basin suffers shortfalls

Question 11

4 examples of soft engineering for flooding?🌴🌺

Answer 11

-reafforestation
-discouraging building near river
-restoration of meandering river channels
-restoration of flood plains to store floodwater

Question 12

case studies?🌼💓

Answer 12

-China-3 gorges dam, S-N water transfer
-Colorado Basin, Aral Sea
-Cumbria, Singapore

Question 13

3 examples of hard engineering and their case studies 🪷

Answer 13

dams - 3 gorges china
water transfer projects - china s/n
desalination - israel

Question 14

causes of water insecurity 🌲

Answer 14

lack of clean water, groundwater contamination, increasing consumption, resource depletion eg aquifers, economic scarcity

Question 15

causes for growing water demand🌷

Answer 15

growing populations, urbanisation, improving living standards, industrialisation, agriculture

Question 16

why are rainforests important for the water cycle, regional and global💞

Answer 16

regulate the regional climate
generate flows of moisture across the continent

Question 17

impacts of drought on the rainforest?
🐯🦁

Answer 17

younger trees die, reducing canopy cover- this reduces humidity, water vapour and rainfall. Dying vegetation+tree litters can cause wildfires.

Question 18

2 fun water crisis statistical facts?😜😜😜

Answer 18

water shortages&lack of safe water affect 1/3 of the worlds population
12% of the worlds population consumes 80% of its water

Question 19

causes of physical vs economic water scarcity🩷💕💞💗💗💓

Answer 19

physical:low rainfall+high temps, climate change, human activity affecting availability
economic:high cost of collection, storage, purifying, distributing- some can’t afford

Question 20

how does over abstraction, changing of land use and reservoirs impact the drainage basin💖

Answer 20

over abstraction: abstracting too much groundwater=rivers dry up in low rainfall
land use: more impermeable surfaces- less infiltration and evapotranspiration
reservoirs: delays the flow of water and removes water from the drainage basin

Question 21

advantage of enlargenings river channels🩵 and what is this🩵

Answer 21

widening and deepening the river
discharge in the river reduces meaning less risk of flooding downstream

Question 22

why should we discourage building near river channels?🌝

Answer 22

as the closer to river- the higher the flood risk. high density pops near river very hazardous

Question 23

why does water price vary globally🦎

Answer 23

privatisation of water
quality of infrastructure
access to water (eg natural resources or lack of safe water)
physical cost of obtaining supply
degree of demand- more scare=high price