natural hazards Flashcards
what happened with the 2011 christchurch aftershocks?💓
they caused more damage than the initial earthquake.
it was shallower causing more shaking and was closer to the city.
4 primary hazards of volcanoes?🌷
•lava flows- slow moving lava
•pyroclastic flows- fast moving, destructive hot rock, ash and gases. dangerous
•ash and tephra clouds- volcanic rock and ash fragments blasted
•gas eruptions- gases released eg co2
2 secondary hazards of volcanoes?🌋
lahars- flows of rock, mud and water down volcanic slopes
jokulhlaup- sudden release of ice, water, rock etc
case studies?🪼💓
-christchurch, loma prieta (earthquake)
-eyjafjallajokull, montserrat (volcanoes)
-haiti, japan, pakistan (earthquakes)
-indian ocean, japan, philippines (tsunami)
strategies to modify the impacts of tectonic hazards?🌋
land-use zoning, hazard-resistant buildings, engineering defences, diversion of lava flows
strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience?💸
hi-tech monitoring, prediction, education, community preparedness, adaptation
strategies to modify loss?🧚🏽
long and short term aid and insurance and the actions of affected communities themselves
what is sea floor spreading?
and what is the evidence for it?🐦🔥
mid-ocean ridges form when magma is forced up from asthenosphere and hardens forming new oceanic crust. this pushes plates apart.
evidence comes from paeleomagnetism
name and describe the types of waves from earthquakes🩷
p waves: fastest+least damaging
s waves: move slower but more damaging
l waves: move slowest but most damaging
ways to predict a volcano eruption 🌋
Seismometers
GPS
Satellites
Volcanoes slightly change shape
may produce small equakes before
2 ways of predicting tsunamis 🌊💞
early warning systems- using seismic sensors to detect under sea equakes
DART- uses sensors and buoys to monitor sea level change
ways governance can help reduce the impact of a natural hazard🙏
existence&enforcement of building regs
disaster preparedness plans
efficiency of response
public education&practise drills
quality of infrastructure&communication
systems
what’s the hazard-management cycle?
what are the 4 factors it includes?
💕☁️💐🌨️
circular process as recovery should help to prevent future hazards
it aims to minimise damage
mitigation
preparedness
response
recovery
hazard mitigation strategies?🎀🎀🎀
land-use zoning (govt regs land use)
GIS mapping (find most affected areas)
diverting lava pathways
hazard-resistant design&defences
hazard adaption strategies?✨✨✨
hi-tech monitoring (eg early warning)
crisis mapping (identifies ppl in crisis)
public education
