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Geography Alevel > water > Flashcards

water Flashcards

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1
Q

how much of water budget is oceans

A

97%

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2
Q

how much of water budget is fresh water

A

2.5% of which 69% is glaciers and ice, and 30% is groundwater

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3
Q

size of water store in atmosphere

A

0.001%

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4
Q

size of water store in groundwater

A

1.1%

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5
Q

size of water store in biosphere

A

0.0001%

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6
Q

size of water store in cyrosphere

A

1.9%

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7
Q

fluxes

A

measure the rate of flow between stores

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8
Q

stores

A

reservoirs where water is stored

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9
Q

closed system

A

fixed amount of water in earth and atmosphere no external imputs or outputs

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10
Q

open system

A

receives inputs and transfers outputs of energy to other systems

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11
Q

residence time

A

average time a water molecule will spend in a store

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12
Q

drainage basin

A

area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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13
Q

watershed

A

boundaries of drainage basin - open system

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14
Q

what is needed for precipitation

A

air cooled to relative humidity of 100%, condensation nuclei to facilitate Goth of water droplets, and temperature below dew point

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15
Q

factors which influence percipitation on drainage basin (4)

A

amount of precipitation, type of precipitation, seasonality (rainfall patterns in different climates), intensity of precipitation

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16
Q

fluxes on drainage basin

A

interception and infiltration

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17
Q

what effects infiltration rates (5)

A

duration of rainfall, saturation of soil, soil type, vegetation, slope angle

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18
Q

overland flow

A

also know as surface runoff, main way water returns to river

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19
Q

through flow

A

lateral transfer of water down slopes through soil

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20
Q

percolation

A

transfer of water through rocks vertically

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21
Q

groundwater flow

A

transfer of water through rocks sideways

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22
Q

outputs of drainage basin - evaporation and factors effecting

A

moisture is lost directly into atmosphere from water surfaces and soil - climate, hours of sunshine, windspeed

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23
Q

outputs of drainage basin - transpiration and factors effecting

A

water is lost from plants through pores into atmosphere - time of year, type of vegetation

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24
Q

outputs of drainage basin - evapotranspiration

A

combined effect of evaporation and transpiration

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25
Q

physical factors that effect drainage basin - climate

A

influences type and amount of precipitation, type of vegetation and evaporation

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26
Q

physical factors that effect drainage basin - soils

A

amount of infiltration and trough floe indirectly type of vegetation

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27
Q

physical factors that effect drainage basin - geology

A

impact subsurface processes such as percolation and groundwater flow

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28
Q

physical factors that effect drainage basin - relief

A

altitude can impact precipitation totals and slop cam affect amount of runoff

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29
Q

physical factors that effect drainage basin - vegetation

A

ands of interception, infiltration, and transpiration rates

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30
Q

human factors effecting drainage basin - deforestation

A

dense vegetation means that interception and evapotranspiration rates are high so high humidity and high rainfall (self sustaining cycle), removing this effects cycle resulting in increased runoff and river discharge

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31
Q

example of deforestation effecting drainage basin

A

between 1960 and 1997 the Tocantins river showed 25% increase in discharge coinciding with increased rates of deforestation

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32
Q

human factors effecting drainage basin - changing land use

A

increase of urbanisation means more impermable surfaces reducing infiltration and increase surface runoff (drains, lag times) increasing river discharge

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33
Q

example of changing land use effecting drainage basin

A

urbanisation has increased flood risks in many uk towns, in Upton upon severn flooding occurred 6 times in 2007

34
Q

human factors effecting drainage basin - over abstraction

A

as population increases higher demand for water, in some places groundwater is being abstracted quicker than being replenished lowering groundwater table

35
Q

example of over extracting effecting drainage basin

A

over 40% of Londons water comes from chalk aquifers rest abstracted from Thames basin which is home to 13 million, risks of drying up

36
Q

water budget

A

shows annual balance between inputs and outputs

37
Q

river regime

A

annual variation in discharge or flow of a river at a particular point

38
Q

what influences river regime (6)

A

size of river, amount pattern and intensity of rainfall, tenpetures, geology and soils, type of vegetation cover, human actives

39
Q

meteorological drought

A

shortfalls in precipitation as a result of low precipitation, high tempetkres, high winds. which increases dry period

40
Q

ENSO cycles

A

El Niño southern oscillations is a naturally occurring phenomena that involves the movement of water in the equatorial pacific

41
Q

hydrological droughts

A

reduced stream flow and ground water levels, which decreases due to low precipitation inputs and high evaporation. also causes reduced storage in lakes and resivours, as low recharge speed

42
Q

agricultural drought

A

rain defiencency less to a deficiency of soil moisture and soil moisture availability which has a knock on effect on plant growth and reducing biomass

43
Q

social - economic drought

A

all 3 types of drought can led to social- economic / famine drought with widespread failure of crops food shortages leading to malnutrition, rural economy can collapse requiring aid

44
Q

human contribution to droughts

A

over extraction of water as ground water aquifers take long time to replenish so if lots of water taken can led to desertification

45
Q

key features of wetlands (3)

A

act as temporary water stores, wetlands act as filters by trapping and recycling nutrient and pollution to maintain water quality. they are high in biodiversity

46
Q

impact of droughts on wetlands

A

vegetation will deteriorate, volume of water stores will decrease, water tables will drop, habitats damaged

47
Q

impact of droughts on forests

A

trees take 1 - 4 years to recover, pines have less resilience to droughts, drought sled to foliage loss, impared growth, accusation of pests and disease

48
Q

metrological causes of flooding

A

prolonged heavy rain like in uk when low pressure systems, ice and snow melting. in Asia monsoon season can led to flooding

49
Q

human actions which can exacerbate flooding (7)

A

changing land use, dams, urbanisation, deforestation, grazing animals, ploughing compact soils

50
Q

social-economic impacts of flooding

A

death of crops, famine, loss of communication of transport, loss of infrastructure.

51
Q

enviromental impacts of flooding

A

maintaining ecosystem functions, moving sediment, eutrophication, loss of soil wildlife

52
Q

how does climate change effect inputs of hydrological cycle

A

effects precipitation by increasing intense rainfall events, increased snow melt, at same time length, frequencency and intensity of heat waves have also increased

53
Q

how does climate change led to increased flood risk

A

increased air temps (global warming) increasing convection and evaporation, increased condensation and cloud cover, increased precipitation in low pressure areas so increase flood risk

54
Q

why is it difficult to predict climate change (3)

A

global records incomplete, oscillations of ENSO and climate warming difficult to distinguish, climate dynamics only partially understood

55
Q

how has climate change effected snow and permafrost

A

active layre melting impacting ground water supplies, and releases gases

56
Q

how does climate change increase run off and stream flow

A

with climate extremes evidence to suggest that will be increase in hydrological extremes and more intense rainfall will increase run off and reduce infiltration

57
Q

climate change on stores of reservoirs lakes and wetland storage

A

regional variation in lakes and reservoirs have been linked to regional changes in climate, changes in wetland storage are occurring but cannot be exclusively linked to climate change.

58
Q

water stress

A

if renewable water sources are between 1000- 1700m3 per capitita - led to serious restrictions on water

59
Q

water scarcity

A

if renewable water resources are between 500 - 1000m3 per demand - less to unsatisfied demand, tention and conflict

60
Q

absolute water scarcity

A

renewable resources are less than 500m3 per capita - this led to widespread restrictions and water rationing

61
Q

how much of population lives in area recieving how much rainfall

A

66% of world population live in areas one recieving 25% of worlds annual rainfall

62
Q

threats on water insecurity - climate change

A

creating drought conditions as tempetkres increase

63
Q

threats on water insecurity - population growth

A

increased demand for water so over extraction occurs

64
Q

threats on water insecurity - agriculture

A

they need to irrigate land so extracting it from water sources

65
Q

threats on water insecurity - competition between countries

A

as demand increases country’s and competing with each other for increased allocation placing pressure between nations

66
Q

salt water encroachment

A

the movement of saltwater into fresewater aquifers due to sea levels rise, storm surge and human abstraction of groundwater which lowers water table

67
Q

what have unified nations world water devolpment said will happen

A

increase of water demand of 55% by 2050, and a 40% global water deficient by 2030

68
Q

what 3 factors is water scarcity related to

A

availability, access, usage

69
Q

physical scarcity

A

determined by climate and balance of inputs and outputs, factors scubas topography are regional factors which can impact. can also be local factors such as geology

70
Q

economic scarcity

A

has very different global distribution, associated with developing countries that lack capital and technology and good governance

71
Q

prices of water effecting water scarcity

A

determined by;
physical cost of obtaining supply, demand and infrastructure.

72
Q

importance of water supply for industry

A

over 20% of all freshwater is used in energy production and industry. concern is that industry production shifting towards emerging nations such as china who contaiminate groundwaters and river

73
Q

water supply and human wellbeing

A

some populations still rely on unimproved water (15% of population) and no sanitation (2.5 million no asess) . which can led to deisease especially when combined with poor hygiene

74
Q

how many transboundary water basins lack management

A

158 / 263

75
Q

how many people rely on groundwater

A

2 billion

76
Q

the potential for water conflict

A

conflict in inequalities over water allocation, natural environment and vulnerable people are often biggest losers

77
Q

advantages of desalination

A

creates drinking water, jobs, salt

78
Q

disadvantages of desalination

A

can create pollution (hot water put back into ocean) expensive

79
Q

advantages of dams

A

prevent flooding, large water storage, produces hep

80
Q

disadvantages of dams

A

harms ecosystems, sediment, can decrease discharge downstream, expensive, creates pollution during building

81
Q

advantages of water division projects

A

can prevent water inequality, jobs, distributes waters

82
Q

disadvantages of water division projects

A

expensive, impacts habitats

Geography Alevel (8 decks)

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