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Geography paper 1 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

store

A

reservoirs where water is held
(oceans , lakes )

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2
Q

fluxes

A

way water moves between stores

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3
Q

flows

A

movement of water

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4
Q

hydrological cycle

A

a closed system driven by solar and gravitational potential energy

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5
Q

why the hydrological cycle is a closed system

A

no external outputs or inputs , the total volume of water is infinite and constant but can exist in different states

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6
Q

hydrosphere

A

water on surface
96.5% of total water

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7
Q

lithosphere

A

water in earths crust
1.7% of global water

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8
Q

atmosphere

A

water as vapour in earth above us
0.001% of total water

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9
Q

4 main stores of water

A

cryosphere
atmosphere
lithosphere
hydrosphere

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10
Q

cryosphere

A

areas of earth where water is frozen into snow or ice
1.7% of global water

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11
Q

how water is stored on land

A

rivers, streams , lakes and groundwater (blue water as visible)
or in plants in soil or vegetation itself
(green water as invisible)

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12
Q

how is water stored in the atmosphere

A

mainly as vapour ,

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13
Q

what is the carrying capacity in the atmosphere linked to

A

the temperature

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14
Q

ocean as a store

A

stores over 1 million
home to 96% of earths water

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15
Q

residence times

A

average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir or store

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16
Q

what does residence time effect

A

-it impacts on turnover within the water system ,
-accesible stores ( rivers and lakes) are easily turned over due to evaporation or transpiration
- inaccessible stores ( deep ground water) can be stored for 10,000 years and become fossil water as it’s non renewable

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17
Q

fluxes - infiltration

A

water soaked into the ground

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18
Q

fluxes - precipitation

A

the movement of water from the atmosphere to the ground as droplets fall from clouds

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19
Q

fluxes - interception and transpiration

A

plants take water from the ground and return to atmosphere by transpiration

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20
Q

fluxes - accumulation

A

snow and ice melt back into liquid

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21
Q

fluxes - condensation

A

water vapour rises into the clouds after being evaporated

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22
Q

fluxes -evaporation

A

change in state of water from a liquid to a gas as water is heated by the sun

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23
Q

fossil water

A

deep ancient water from former wetter periods

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24
Q

main input and output of hydrological cycle

A

input - precipitation
output- evaporation , transpiration , discharge

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25
Q

flows - through flow

A

lateral movement of water down a slope

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26
Q

flows - groundwater flow

A

long process of percolated water into rivers

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27
Q

flows - infiltration

A

water soaking into plants and soil

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28
Q

flows - surface run off

A

movement of water overland

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29
Q

flows - percolation

A
  • deep transfer of water into bedrock
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30
Q

flows - interception

A

retention of water by plants and soil

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31
Q

frontal rainfall

A

due to a weather front
warm air has to rise over weather front and cools as it rises causing heavy rain

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32
Q

convectional rainfall

A

occurs on warm days when warm air rises and cools and condenses as it does

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33
Q

relief rainfall

A

due to topography
air rises over a mountain and cools as it rises causing rain

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34
Q

availability of freshwater

A

only hydrosphere is accessible
only 2.5% of this is freshwater
only 1.2% of this is on surface
only 1% is accessible

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35
Q

drainage basin

A

an open system that is the area of land drained by a river and it’s tributaries

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36
Q

why the drainage basin is an open system

A

as it has external inputs and outputs that cause the amount of water in the drainage basin to vary

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37
Q

drainaige basin - watershed

A

the highland which divides and separates waters flowing to different rivers

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38
Q

outputs of drainage basin

A

transpiration from vegetation
evaporation

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39
Q

input of drainage basin

A

precipitation

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40
Q

source

A

top of river / origin

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41
Q

confluence

A

junction where two different rivers meet

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42
Q

tributary

A

small channel that flows into the main channel

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43
Q

distributary

A

small channel that flows out of main channel

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44
Q

mouth

A

end of river where the river flows out to the body of water

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45
Q

conditions needed for precipitation to fall

A

air cooled to a saturation point
temp below dew point
condensation to facilitate growth of water droplets in clouds

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46
Q

5 physical factors influencing drainage basin

A
  • climate
  • relief
  • geology
    -vegetation
    -soil type
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47
Q

rain shadow

A

a dry area on the side of the mountain as mountain shelters it

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48
Q

interception loss

A

water retained by plant surfaces then lost due to evaporation or absorbed by plant and transpired

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49
Q

infiltration capacity

A

max rate which rain can be absorbed by soil in a given condition

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50
Q

5 factors effecting rate of infiltration

A
  • decreases with persistent rainfall
  • volume of water already in soil
  • type of vegetation cover ( forest is best)
  • nature of soil surface
  • topography ( steep slopes encourage run off)
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51
Q

outputs of drainage basin - evapotranspiration

A

combined effect of evaporation and transpiration- accounts for nearly 100% of removal of precipitation in arid areas

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52
Q

physical factors affecting the drainage basin - climate

A

climate infleunces
- inputs and outputs
- evaporation and precipitation amount

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53
Q

physical factors affecting the drainage basin - soils

A

soils determine
- amount of infiltration
- sand soils infiltrate
- clay soils don’t

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54
Q

physical factors affecting the drainage basin - geology

A

impacts
- percolation
- soil formation

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55
Q

physical factors affecting the drainage basin - relief

A

impacts
- surface run off
- type of precipitation ( relief rainfall)

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56
Q

physical factors affecting the drainage basin - vegetation

A

imapacts
- interception
- infiltration
- transpiration

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57
Q

human impacts of drainage basin - river management

A

construction of reservoirs disrupts the flow

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58
Q

human impact on drainage basin- deforestation

A

increases EVT
increases infiltration
increases surface run off

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59
Q

human impact on drainage basin - urbanisation

A

impermeable surfaces cause
decreases infiltration
increases SR

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60
Q

human impact on drainage basin - changing land use

A

arable to pastrol farming = increase soil compaction which increases SR
pastoral - arable farming = increase infiltration due to ploughing

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61
Q

6 main components affected by humans

A
  • evaporation
  • EVT
  • SR
  • infiltration
  • interception
  • groundwater
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62
Q

water budgets

A

the annual balance between precipitation , EVT and run off
balance between inputs and outputs
polar regions have low water budget

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63
Q

river regimes

A

the annual variation in discharge of a river at a particular point measured in cumecs

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64
Q

what is most of the river flow from

A

supplied from groundwater between periods of rain which feed steadily into the river system from base water flow

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65
Q

eg of river regime - Alaska

A

Apr- Aug= high flow due to snow melt
Sep - Mar = low flow as ice forms
large flow variability
few human influences

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66
Q

eg of river regime - Amazon

A

Dec - may = high flow
Jun - nov = low flow
moderate variability but human activity is increasing this

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67
Q

characteristics of river regime are influenced by 7 factors:

A

size of the river
where measurement is taken
amount and intenisty of precipiation
temps
geology
type of vegetation
human activity

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68
Q

case study - how human factors have affected amazon basin 7 ways

A

deforestation has disrupted basin by :
- lowering humidity
- increase SR
- increase infiltartion
- increase evaporation
-decreasing transpiration
- increasing soil erosion
- increasing silt in rivers

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69
Q

storm hydrographs

A

show variation of discharge within a short period of time ( storm, group of storms) not normally longer than a few days

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70
Q

storm hydrographs - lag time

A

time interval between peak rainfall and peak discharge

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71
Q

flashy storm hydrographs

A
  • steep rising and falling limb
  • short lag time
  • high peak discharge
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72
Q

delayed hydrographs

A
  • gentle rising limb
  • lower peak discharge
  • slightly steeper falling limb
  • more manageable
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73
Q

Factors affecting shape of hydrograph - climate

A

flashy hydrographs are due to intense storms or low evaporation
delayed hydrographs are due to steady precipitation and high evaporation

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74
Q

Factors affecting shape of hydrograph - geology

A

flashy hydrographs will have impermeable rocks such as clay
delayed hydrographs will have permeable rocks that allow percolation

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75
Q

Factors affecting shape of hydrograph - relief

A

flashy hydrographs will have steep relief of land
delayed hydrographs will have gentle relief

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76
Q

Factors affecting shape of hydrograph - human activity

A

flashy hydrographs may be due to urbanisation and deforestation
delayed hydrographs will be due to limited human activity and afforestation

77
Q

factors effecting shape of hydrograph - pre existing conditions

A

flashy hydrograph - fully saturated land or impermeable dry land
subdued - dry basin

78
Q

factors affecting shape of hydrograph - shape of drainage basin

A

flashy hydrographs will have small circular drainage basin
subdued hydrographs will have a large elongated drainage basin

79
Q

impact of urbanisation on hydrological cycle

A
  • increase soil erosion as veg been cleared
  • drains reduce lag time
  • bridges restrain free discharge of flood waters
  • channelized rivers makes flooding more dangerous when it does occur
80
Q

normal % of inputs and outputs in non urbanised areas Vs Urbanised area

A

EVT- decreases by 10%
SR - increases by 45%
infiltration - decreases by 35%

81
Q

meteorological drought

A

dry weather in an area due to shortfalls in precipitation

82
Q

agricultural droughts

A

the rainfall deficiency from a meteorological drought leads to a deficiency of soil moisture which has a knock on effect of plant growth

83
Q

hydrological droughts

A

reduced stream flow and groundwater levels because of little precipitation but high evaporation which show evidence of low water supply

84
Q

Brazil drought 2014 causes

A

deforestation , a high pressure weather system which caused rain to be diverted away and over abstraction

85
Q

Brazil drought 2014 - socio economic impacts

A

water rationing for 4 million
halt in HEP production
power cuts
reduced coffe bean crops - increased prices by 50%

86
Q

Brazil drought 2014 - impacts on rainforest

A

forest stress
reduced canopy cover - can’t absorb as much c02
reduced humidity

87
Q

Brazil drought 2014 - impact on wetland

A

reduced habitat
reduced space for cattle ranching
wild fires due to slash and burn technique

88
Q

ENSO- El nino

A

trade winds weaken causing the ocean current to slow seeing rainfall over SA and droughts over eastern Aus

89
Q

ENSO- normal conditions

A

trade winds blow from east to west
warm water in aus causing upwelling and evaporation

90
Q

ENSO- La nina

A

exaggerated version of a normal years with a stronger trade winds causing strong ocean currents are upwelling , heavy rain over Aus , drought in SA

91
Q

The Sahel region - desertification

A

desertification caused by changing rainfall patterns , wind erosion , soil erosion and lack of vegetation
annual rainfall fell by 30%

92
Q

Human Influences on drought -
Human factors causing Sahel

A
  • environmental degradation due to overgrazing
  • deforestation for fuel wood
  • high levels of poverty
  • population doubling in 20 years
93
Q

desertification

A

land degradation in arid and dry regions due to various factors such as climate and human activities

94
Q

Human causes of desertification - Increased animals in Sahel region

A

livestock increased by 40% - overgrazing causes soil to be drained of nutrients - no protective grass cover - increase evaporation from soil - even more soil erosion

95
Q

Human causes of desertification - Increased population in Sahel region -

A

farmers had to change methods as higher food demands - which led to over cultivation of land and soil erosion

96
Q

Australian Droughts 2006 - physical causes of droughts

A

30% of Aus is in rainfall deficit , meaning droughts are reocurrent
2006 an El nino event worsened this but supplies were managed by water recyclying and desalination

97
Q

Human causes of desertification - Increased deforestation in Sahel region

A

increased demand for wood for cooking/heating - led to deforestation - vegetation removed - increased risk of soil erosion

98
Q

impacts of droughts on wetland

A
  • drought causes decrease infiltration which decreases water table
  • this decreases the functions of the wetlands
  • they are resistant to human activity and can adapt
99
Q

wetlands perform a number of key functions

A
  • temporary water stores protecting land from erosion
  • act as giant water filters by trapping and recycling nutrients
  • high biological productivity
  • provide resources for humans ( fish /fuelwood)
100
Q

impacts of droughts on forests

A
  • responsible for interception which decreases flooding
  • droughts increase likelihood of fungal diseases which kill the trees
  • they are resilient but human interference is high
101
Q

3 meteorological causes of flood

A
  • intense storms
  • prolonged heavy rainfall (monsoons/depression)
  • rapid snow melt
102
Q

6 human factors increasing risk of flooding

A
  • over cultivation
    -over grazing
  • deforestation
    -urbanisation
  • river channelization
  • dams
103
Q

3 mis management of rivers factors that cause flooding

A
  • channelization - decreases in one area whilst over whelming another area
  • Dams - block flow of sediment so reservoir fills with silt
  • river embankments - if a river does flood they fall and worsen it
104
Q

why there has been an increase in human factors causing flooding

A

economic and population growth since the 20th century has caused flood plains to be built on , changing land use and urbanisation

105
Q

4 physical factors that can cause flooding

A
  • topography
  • volcanic activity
  • geology
  • eq rupturing dams
106
Q

groundwater flooding

A

flooding that occurs after the ground has become saturated from prolonged heavy rainfall

107
Q

surface water flooding

A

flooding that occurs after intense rainfall has insufficent time to infiltrate the soil

108
Q

flash flooding

A

a flood with exceptionally short lag time

109
Q

causes of flooding in southern and eatsern asia

A

intense monsoon rainfall results in wide spread flooding as they receive 70% of anual rainfall in 100 days

110
Q

causes of flooding in Asia and America - climate change influence

A

snow and ice melt in late spring , ground remains frozen so water can’t infiltrate which increases surface run off

111
Q

Storm Desmond 2015 Cumbria - meteorological causes

A

deep Atlantic low-pressure system (depression)
Fronts also brought heavy rainfall across the UK.

112
Q

Storm Desmond 2015 Cumbria - human contributions

A

changing land use - trees no longer intercepted - higher run off rates - reduced lag time
mismanaging rivers- riverbanks, pumping stations and diversion channels carried surplus water away but they have limited capacity

113
Q

Storm Desmond 2015 Cumbria - impacts

A
  • 5200 homes flooded
  • landslide between aliston and Carsile
  • 61,000 without electricity
114
Q

Storm Desmond 2015 Cumbria - how flood risk could’ve been reduced

A
  • afforestation of upland areas
  • ## restoration of river channels to return to natural meandering
115
Q

How urbanisation causes flooding

A
  • creation of impermeable surface
  • drains (decrease lag time)
  • channelization ( faster rate of water)
  • changing land use ( deforestation, overgrazing )
116
Q

climate change effects on precipitation

A
  • warmer atmosphere holds more water
  • rainfall increase in tropic
  • decrease in deserts
    -length and frequency of heat waves increase
117
Q

climate change impact on evaporation

A
  • North America and Asia have seen an increase in evaporation and transpiration
  • decrease soil moisture which decreases crop yields
118
Q

climate change and flows - Surface run off

A
  • exaggerated low flows ( droughts) and high flows ( floods)
119
Q

climate change and stores - cryosphere

A
  • glacial retreat
  • decrease in snow cover
  • decrease overall store
120
Q

climate change and stores - permaforst

A
  • melting takes place
  • deepens active layer
  • releases C02
121
Q

climate change and stores - resevoirs, lakes and wetlands

A
  • increase temp means increase evaporation
  • storage of these will decrease
122
Q

Flood and future

A

hydrological cycle will intensify ,
extremes will be more common as the moisture holding capacity of atmosphere increases due to climate change causing heavier precipitation

123
Q

uncertainties caused by climate change -

A
  • increase EVT as forests die
  • ENSO will become more common
  • more frequent cyclones ( ocean temp)
124
Q

low flows and drought in future

A

climate change influences precipitation, temp and potential evapotranspiration which increase frequency and severity of droughts

125
Q

physical distribution of water

A

there is a mismatch between where water supplies are and the demand.
60% of water lies in 10 countries

126
Q

Countries experiencing shortages due to over abstraction

A

USA - ogallala aquifer
Mexico- Mexico city
Middle east - Yemen

127
Q

gap in water usage between countries

A

richer countries use up to 10x more water per head than developing countries

128
Q

virtual flow

A

the hidden flow of water when food or other commodities are traded

129
Q

prediction of water vulnerability

A

predicted by 2025 , 50% of world’s population will be water vulnerable

130
Q

water insecurity

A

a country with a lack of adequate and safe water for a healthy and productive life

131
Q

water stress

A

when water resources are between below 1700m3 per capita

132
Q

water scarcity

A

when water resources are below 1000m3 per capita

133
Q

economic scarcity

A

when the water is there but the technology isn’t to extract it
caused by poverty
1 billion people don’t have access to water due to poverty

134
Q

physical scarcity

A

when more than 75% of a countries blue water is being used
applies to 25% of worlds pop
( Middle east , north Africa)

135
Q

physical causes of water insecurity - saltwater encroachment

A

when too much freshwater is pumped from the aquifer system, causing saltwater to migrate into the aquifer

136
Q

physical causes of water insecurity - climate change

A

summers will become hotter and drier. Reduced precipitation and increase evaporation will diminish water supplies

137
Q

physical causes of water insecurity - Geology

A

geology controls the distribution of aquifers (permeable rocks store water)

138
Q

human causes of water insecurity - contamination

A

agriculture and industry use large amounts of water , often industry is responsible for water pollution which increases water insecurity

139
Q

human causes of water insecurity - over abstraction

A

increase demand of water for humans has led to an increase abstraction from rivers lakes and aquifers which leads to water insecurity

140
Q

Pollution of water sources figures

A

industrial waste cause eutrophication and disease.
This water then cannot be used or is expensive to clean.
WHO estimates 2.3bn lack proper sanitation.

141
Q

3 pressures increasing water insecurity

A
  • diminishing supply ( climate change , water quality)
  • rising demands
  • competeing demands
142
Q

rising demand of water - caused by 3 factors

A
  • population growth
  • economic development
  • improving living standards
143
Q

Impacts of water insecurity - The Aral sea - Where and Why

A

-Aral sea in Asia used to be 4th largest inland sea
-the diversion of two main rivers for agriculture and industry meant by 2007 the sea lost 10% of it’s size
-

144
Q

Impacts of water insecurity - The Aral sea - Impacts

A
  • lost 150 bird species
  • lost 38 mammal species
  • collapse of fishing industry that employed 6000
  • health issues caused by wind blown salt
145
Q

water scarcity

A

the amount of water that can be physically assessed as supply and demand varies.

146
Q

water as a commodity

A

water can now be brought and is seen as something people should pay for meaning water supply is in the hands of private companies

147
Q

climate change and California

A
  • precipitation levels fell - led to desertification
  • temp increased - drier periods and droughts
  • drinking water is decreasing so ground water is being over abstracted
148
Q

Importance of water for economic development - industry and energy production

A

20% of all freshwater is used for industry and energy production
water pollution is a major product of this

149
Q

Importance of water for economic development - agriculture

A

accounts for 3770 km of water extraction a year
20% of land is irrigated
much of this water is pumped from aquifers leading to depletion

150
Q

importance of water for human well being

A

polluted water is a breeding ground for diseases such as cholerae and typhoid
water is vital for cooking and cleaning

151
Q

Water conflict

A

– a conflict between countries or groups over the rights to access water resources.

152
Q

The river Nile - Transboundary conflict - Background of river

A

Flows through 11 countries
is 67,000km long

153
Q

The river Nile - Transboundary conflict - growing demand

A

1929 agreement gave Egypt and Sudan split ownership of the river however as the other countries became independent they fought for their rights.
This caused the 1999 Nile basin initiative which aimed to ensure sufficient management and cooperation

154
Q

Ethiopia - internal water conflict

A

Ethiopia has built a controversial Dam to stimulate economic growth , cost $1.8 billion and environmental impacts weren’t published til 2 years after meaning production was halted as it going to harm tribes

155
Q

Hard engineering - Mega Damns facts

A

In 2010 there were 845,000 dams that store 15% of global runoff

156
Q

Hard engineering - Mega Dams - 3 Advantages

A

Greater source of renewable energy.
divert and hold water strategically
can reduce flooding

157
Q

Hard engineering - Mega Dams - disadvantages

A

high costs
high evaporation loses
displacement of people

158
Q

Eg of mega dam - Three gorges

A

-built in 2009 along the Yangtze River costing $31bn.
-Designed to control flooding, improve water supply.
-Most productive HEP dam
- 600km2 land flooded and water is still polluted.
- over 1 million people had to be relocated

159
Q

Hard engineering - Water Transfer impacts on source

A
  • reduce water flow by 60% which reduces floods
  • low flow means increase pollution and damage to ecosystems
160
Q

Hard engineering - Water transfer advantages

A

Increased water use for economic development, reduces abstraction and risk of water shortages.

161
Q

Eg of water transfer - China south to north water transfer project

A

Aims to divert 44.8 billion tonnes of water
- It will cost $62bn,
-345000 people have to relocate
- but reduces deficit in the north so can be used for industry
- taken 50 years to build

162
Q

Hard engineering - desalination - facts

A

Desalination Removing salt from seawater and is reliable and predictable.
there is a huge abundance of sea water
however v expensive and effects marine life

163
Q

Hard engineering - desalination - Israel

A

5 plants opened in 2013 , aims to supply 70% of israels water by 2020
produces 600 tonnes of potable water an hour
- however each plants requires it own power station which releases large amounts of c02
waste products of brine harms ecosystems

164
Q

Soft engineering - smart irrigation - how it works ( Blossom 8)

A

Automated spray system detecting temperature and humidity.

165
Q

Soft engineering - smart irrigation - advantages ( Blossom 8)

A

Conserves water, lowers bills, less water lost by evaporation.

166
Q

Soft engineering - smart irrigation -disadvantages ( Blossom 8)

A

Unattractive, small scale, uses freshwater, costs $199 to set up.

167
Q

Soft engineering - drip irrigation - how it works (Metafim, Israel.)

A

Micro-irrigation focused on roots, reducing evaporation.

168
Q

Soft engineering - drip irrigation - advantages (Metafim, Israel.)

A

Preserves water, saves 50% of water, more productive.

169
Q

Soft engineering - drip irrigation - disadvantages (Metafim, Israel.)

A

Still expensive, impacted by drought, hard on a large scale.

170
Q

Soft engineering - Grey water recycling - how it works ( China)

A

Reusing treated wastewater for irrigation (not humans).

171
Q

Soft engineering - Grey water recycling - advantages ( China)

A

Multiple uses, if treated can be drinkable.

172
Q

Soft engineering - Grey water recycling - disadvantages( China)

A

Not potable, can harbour bacteria/ viruses.

173
Q

Soft engineering - restoration of aquifers - how it works (Saudi Arabia)

A

Not using aquifers, letting them be naturally replenished.

174
Q

Soft engineering - restoration of aquifers - advantages(Saudi Arabia)

A

Growing crops elsewhere takes the pressure off aquifers.

175
Q

Soft engineering - restoration of aquifers - disadvantages(Saudi Arabia)

A

They won’t be restored if rainwater is low.

176
Q

Soft engineering - holistic water management - how it works - (Singapore.)

A

Managing all the water resources in an economy to keep prices down, desalinate water and catch local rainwater.

177
Q

Soft engineering - holistic water management - advantages (Singapore.)

A

Effective, people use less water, less leakages, less imports of water.

178
Q

Soft engineering - holistic water management - disadvantages (Singapore.)

A

People may ignore and pay more for water, desalination is expensive, still importing water from Malaysia.

179
Q

Integrated Drainage basin management

A
  • emphasises river basin as unit of management for resources
    treated holistically to achieve
  • environmental quality
  • water used with max efficiency
  • equitable distribution
    works well at community level but not transboundary
180
Q

Colorado river - Integrated water management - allocated water usage

A
  • In 2021, there was a water shortage on - The 1992 agreement in place was made in different conditions.
  • Mexico takes 10% of the total flow,
    -lower basin states take 50%
    -upper basin states fall short by 10%.
  • California takes 20% more than its allocated
181
Q

Colorado river -how many it supplies

A
  • The river supplies 7 states, 50 million people and 1.4 million hectares of farmland
182
Q

Colorado river - what’s being done

A

California have set up a desalination plant,
-Arizona has set up a water bank authority but no new agreement has been made yet.

183
Q

water treaty

A

a agreement signed by a number of countries regarding the rights of water to attempt to resolve conflicts

184
Q

The 1992 water convention - who

A

UN economic comissions for Europe water aims to protect and ensure the quantity, quality and sustainable use of transboundary water resources in Europe by helping with cooperation and resolving issues.

185
Q

The 1992 water convention - aim

A

Aimed to prevent transboundary impact and use water in an equitable way

186
Q

The 1992 water convention - how

A

includes provisions on monitoring, research and development, consultations, warning and alarm systems, mutual assistance, and exchange of information, as well as access to information by the public.

187
Q

case study - how human factors have affected amazon basin 7 ways

A

deforestation has disrupted basin by :
- lowering humidity
- increase SR
- increase infiltartion
- increase evaporation
-decreasing transpiration
- increasing soil erosion
- increasing silt in rivers

188
Q

Importance of water for economic development - agriculture

A

accounts for 3770 km of water extraction a year
20% of land is irrigated
much of this water is pumped from aquifers leading to depletion

189
Q

4 water sharing treaties

A
  • Helsiniki
  • UN commission for europe
  • UN water course convention
  • EU water framework

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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