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Geography paper 1 > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What volcanoes occur at a divergent boundary

A

Low viscosity

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2
Q

What earthquakes occur at a divergent boundary

A

Low magnitude

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3
Q

What volcanoes occur at a convergent boundary

A

high viscosity and high silicia content as large amount of gas released - Philiphenes

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4
Q

What earthquakes occur at a convergent boundary

A

High magnitude

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5
Q

what earthquakes occur at a collsion boundary

A

high magnitude

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6
Q

what earthquakes occur at a conservative boundary

A

high magnitude

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7
Q

4 theories of plate tectonics

A

Wegners continental drift, sea floor spreading , holmes heat hypothesis,paleo magnitism

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8
Q

4 primary hazards of volcano

A

ash fall, volcanic gas, pyroclastic flow, lava flow

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9
Q

secondary hazards of volcanos

A

jokulap , lahars

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10
Q

cause of intra plate volcano

A

hot spot- rising magma under weakness often cause less viscos eruptions

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11
Q

causes of intraplate earthquakes

A

ancient faults

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12
Q

4 parts of earth

A

core, athenosphere , lithosphere , crust

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13
Q

focus

A

where pressure is released underground

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14
Q

epicentre

A

point on surface directly above focus

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15
Q

what is a shallow focus

A

0-70km

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16
Q

what is a deep focus

A

70-700km

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17
Q

P waves

A

Fastest wave, least damage

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18
Q

L waves

A

most damage

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19
Q

S waves

A

make ground shake

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20
Q

wavelength of tsunami

A

long at sea, decreases as reaches land

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21
Q

amplitude of tsunami

A

short at sea, increases as reach land

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22
Q

velocity of tsuanmi

A

slows as reaches shallow water

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23
Q

Sign a tsuanmi is going to occur

A

Water is drawn back

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24
Q

Trends of tectonic disasters

A

remained the same - more people affected
more are being recorded s can look like they are more frequent

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25
trends of hydro meterological disasters
more common - global warming has meant that more of the ocean is above 26.5 degrees
26
multiple hazard zones are
tectonically active, geologically young hawaii
27
Forecasts
percentage chance
28
Seisometer
records minor earthquakes
29
tiltmeters
record volcanoes bulging
30
gas spectrometres
analyse gas emissions
31
MMS
measures amount of energy released ( 1-10)
32
Mercalli scale
measures damage affects (1-12)
33
VEI
meausures volume, duration and column height
34
low VEI
0-3
35
High VEI
4-7
36
6 Features of hazard profile
magnitude, speed of onset, areal extent, duration, frequency , spatial predictability
37
4 stages of hazard cycle
prevention , prepardness , response , recovery
38
Urbanisation and vulnreability
higher death toll , more at risk. However better access to hospitals
39
population density and vulnerability
high population density is hard to evacuate however isolated places are also difficult
40
HDI
measures inequality
41
good governance and vulnerability
meets day to day needs , aid reaches those who need it
42
preparedness and vulnerability
land use zoning, monitoring system, education
43
risk equation
risk = hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope
44
4 stages of PAR model
root causes ,dynamic pressure , unsafe condition , disaster
45
Christchurch magnitude and date
6.3 - 22nd Feb 2011
46
primary impacts of christchurch
185 dead, 3000 injured, cathedral collapsed, $28 billion of damge
47
secondary impacts of christchruch
5 Rugby WC matches cancelled, liquefaction, 2 large aftershocks
48
Nepal date and magnitude
25th April 2015, 7.8
49
Primary impacts of Nepal
9000 dead, 19,000 injured
50
Secondary impacts of Nepal
Himalayan avalanche killed 20, Tourism fell
51
Why Nepal is so vulnreable
LIC so poor infrastructure and response, mountainous ,
52
Tokohu Date and magnitude
11 March 2011, 9
53
primary impacts of Tokohu - Japan HIC
15,000 dead, 9000 injured , nuclear station flooded, $235 billion of damage
54
secondary impacts of Tokohu
aftershocks, landlsides, liquefaction , tsunami
55
Boxing day date and magnitude
26th december 2004, 9.1
56
Countries affected by Boxing day tsuami
Maldives, Malaysia, Indonesia , Thailand , India
57
primary impacts of boxing day tsuanmi
220,000 dead, 650,000 injured fishing villages destroyed , $9.9billion damage
58
Secondary impacts of boxing day tsunami
cholorea, lack of food
59
Date of eyjafjallojokull
March - May 2010
60
Primary impacts of eyjafjallojokull
large amounts of meltwater reacted with lava to form ash plumes Ash destroyed crops houses and roads , airlines lost $130million a day
61
Secondary impacts eyjafjallojokull
fresh food wasted , glacier flooded
62
Good things about eyjafjallojokull
prevented 2.8 million tonnes of carbon being released, Eurostar increased, Plankton boomed ( remove more carbon)
63
Haiti date and magnitude
12th Jan 2010, 7
64
Primary impacts Haiti
220,00 dead, port damaged , 300,000 injured
65
Secondary Impacts Haiti
Cholrea , crime increased , power shortages
66
Bam magnitude and date
6.6 magnitude 26th december 2003
67
Bam primary impacts
-26,000 dead many died due to hypethermia as trapped under buidings - 3 hospitals destroyed - $1.9billion of damage - 80-90% of buildings collapsed
68
what made haiti more vulnreable
only one airport and few main roads so it was difficult to distribute aid
69
factors affecting volcanic eruption - type
basaltic or effusive
70
factors affecting volcanic eruption - lava type
type and amount of lava as leads to high levels of pyroclastic flow
71
human factors affecting impacts of tectonic activity
technology which reduces vulnerability population density
72
how are impacts measured
socially - deaths economically - cost
73
3 strategies to reduce impact
EWS land use zoning infrastructure - (defences and buildings)
74
2 strategies to reduce loss
aid and insurance
75
3 strategies to reduce vulnerability
education monitoring prepardness
76
5 reasons that managing impacts of hazards varies between countries
- development - governance - physical characteristics of a region - infrastructure - EWS - education ( Japan)
77
how Japan reduces vulnerability
earthquake day every year where people are educated on how to deal with an eq constant monitoring linked to peoples phones

Geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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