Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is a store

A
  • A place where water can be held and stored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a flow

A
  • How water moves between stores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three largest stores

A
  • Oceans
  • ice
  • Groundwater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which 2 water stores are non-renewable

A
  • Fossil Water
  • Cryosphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is blue water

A
  • Visible water
  • E.g Oceans, Rivers, Lakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is green water

A
  • Invisible water
  • E.g In trees, In the ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is fossil water

A
  • Ancient groundwater
  • Very deep and not available for human use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is porosity

A
  • The amount of pore spaces there are in total in a material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is permeability

A
  • How well connected are these spaces and how easy is it for water to pass through the material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an interception store

A
  • Raindrops prevented from falling directly onto the ground. E.g Leaves
  • Water reaches soil via stem flow
  • Rate of interception depends on precipitation being light and short + vegetation being dry so it can asorb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is infiltration

A
  • Movement of water vertically downward into the soil
  • Slower in saturated soil as water is blocking its path/ clogging up the system
  • Tree roots absorb water, helping infiltration rates increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is through flow

A
  • Downslope movement due to/ under the influence of gravity
  • Vertical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is percolation

A
  • Water filling the spaces within permeable or porous rock
  • E.g Groundwater storage
  • Happens when a permeable rock layer lies on top of a non-permeable rock layer so water can travel down no further
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is groundwater storage

A
  • A store which needs permeable or porous rocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is groundwater flow

A
  • Water moving laterally through groundwater storage (Permeable rock) if the landscape allows it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the 4 ways in which humans disrupt drainage basins

A
  • Cloud seeding
  • Urbanisation
  • Dam building
  • Groundwater Abstraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is cloud seeding

A
  • Attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation by dispersing substances into the air that serve as a cloud condensation nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does urbanisation affect drainage basins

A
  • Creates impermeable surfaces that reduce infiltration and and increase surface runoff + through flow through artificial drains
  • Means water reaches basins quicker so fills up quicker so increases flood risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does Dam Building affect drainage basins

A
  • Prevents water from reaching areas of the basin which leads to a surplus of water in one area but a deficit of water in another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is groundwater abstraction

A
  • Taking water from aquifers
  • Water is extracted faster than it is replaces so stores are depleted quicker
21
Q

What is a flux

A
  • The rate of the flow of water between stores
22
Q

What is a water budget

A
  • The annual balance between inputs (precipitation) and outputs (the channel flow and evaporation)
23
Q

What is river discharge

A
  • The volume of water passing a measuring point or gauging station in a river in a given time.
  • Measured in cubic metres per second
24
Q

What factors influence a river ragime

A
  • Precipitation levels
  • Size
  • Levels of evaporation
  • Geology
  • Vegetation cover
  • Human activity
25
Q

what are the 4 river regimes

A
  • Glacial melt
  • Snowmelt
  • Seasonal rainfall
  • Increased rates of evaporation
26
Q

Yukon River Case Study
- High flow
- Low flow
- Seasonal variability
- Human influences
- Influences

A
  • HF = Summer -> Glacial melt
  • LF = Winter -> Dec-May -> Freezes
  • SV = Yes, High
  • HI = melting of permafrost = more flash floods, Wilderness environment -> Not much human impact, Mining becoming more common, Some hydroelectric power
  • I = Climate, Mountains, Tundra/ Taiga
27
Q

Amazon river case study
- High flow
- Low flow
- Seasonal Variability
- Human influences
- Influences

A
  • HF = Summer -> Wet season -> June/ July
  • LF = Winter -> Drier season -> November
  • SV = Moderate however never as low as Yukon
  • HI = hydroelectric, oil + gas extraction, Mining, Logging
  • I = Big basin, wet climate, rainforest climate, input from Andean rivers, high evapotranspiration levels
28
Q

What is a hydrograph

A
  • Shows how a river’s discharge changes over a short period of time
29
Q

What is peak rainfall

A

-Highest amount of rainfall

30
Q

What is a rising limb in a hydrograph

A
  • Discharge of the river is rising due to through flow and surface flow
31
Q

What is base flow

A
  • Usual amount of water in the river
32
Q

What is lag time

A
  • Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge
33
Q

What is peak discharge

A
  • highest amount of discharge
34
Q

What is a falling/ recessional limb in a hydrograph

A
  • River returning to normal level
35
Q

What are the two types of hydrographs

A
  • Fashy
  • Subdued
36
Q

What are primary causes of flooding (Climate/ meteorological)

A
  • Prolonged heavy rain
  • Seasonal monsoon rainfall
  • Sinuous jet stream
  • Snow melt
  • Tropical cyclones
  • Glacial melt
37
Q

What are secondary causes of flooding (Other more non specific factors)

A
  • Lack of vegetation in drainage basins
  • Steep slopes in basins
  • Impermeable rock
    Shallow soil depth
  • Smaller drainage basins
38
Q

What causes floods

A
39
Q

4 ways that humans intensify flooding

A
  • Farming
  • Building Dams
  • Urbanisation
  • Deforestation/ other land use
40
Q

What is a drought

A
  • ‘Shortfall’ or deficiency of water over an extended time period, usually at least a season
41
Q

What are the 4 types of drough that happen in a sequence

A
  • Meteorological drought
  • Hydrological drought
  • Agricultural drought
  • Famine drought
42
Q

What is a meteorological drought

A
  • Shortfalls in precipitation
  • Dry period increased
  • High temps + Strong sunshine
  • High winds
  • Low humidity
  • Increased evaporation
43
Q

What is a hydrological drought

A
  • Reduced streamflow + groundwater levels
  • Salinisation
  • Wetlands at threat
  • Water supply decreased
  • Water use restrictions
44
Q

What is an agricultural drought

A
  • Overgrazing
  • Plant growth affected
  • Groundwater levels falls
  • Yields fall
  • Irrigation fails
  • Pasture land declines
  • Rural economy declines
45
Q

What is famine drought

A
  • Humanitarian crises in which widespread failure of agricultural systems leads to food shortages and famines with severe social, economic and environmental impacts
46
Q

What are the two drought case studies

A
  • Sahel region
  • Australia
47
Q

Define wetland

A
  • An area of marsh, peat fen or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing.
48
Q

What happens in an El Niño year

A
  • High pressure in Australia, Low pressure in South America
  • trade winds blow easterly in the opposite direction to a normal year
  • Flatter thermocline
49
Q

What happens in a La Niña year

A
  • exaggerated version of a normal year
  • Stronger trade winds blowing in a westerly direction
  • Low pressure in Australia, high pressure in south America
  • Steep thermocline
  • Droughts in SA, floods in AUS

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions