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HL Biology Unit 2 > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

water

What are the two kinds of bonds between particles?

2

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Covalent
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2
Q

water

What is ionic bonding?

single answer

A

The attraction between positive and negative ions

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3
Q

water

What is covalent bonding?

single answer

A

The attraction between the nuclei of an atom and the electrons they share

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4
Q

water

Water molecules are [ ] and [ ] form between them

2

A
  1. Polar
  2. Hydrogen bonds
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5
Q

water

Are the electrons in the covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen shared equally or unequally? Why?

In the water molecule

2

A
  1. Unequally
  2. Because the electrons have a greater attraction to the larger, positive, nucleus of the oxygen atom
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6
Q

water

The water molecules are said to have a []

clue: 2, north []

single answer

A

Dipole

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7
Q

What is a dipole?

1

A

A separation of charge

positive at one pole, negative at the other

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8
Q

water

What is a hydrogen bond?

single answer

A

A bond between water molecules

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9
Q

water

Why do hydrogen bonds form?

single answer

A

Because the partially positive hydrogen atoms on one molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atoms of another

water molecule can bond with up to four others

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10
Q

water

What is cohesion?

definition and explanation

2

A
  1. Definition: The tendency of molecules of the same substance to stick together
  2. Explanation: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules cause them to stick together
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11
Q

water

What is adhesion?

definition and explanation

2

A
  1. Definition: The tendency of molecules to stick to surfaces or other molecules
  2. Explanation: Most surfaces are polar/charged, so the partially charged water molecules will be attracted to the surface
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12
Q

water

What is surface tension?

definition + 3-step explanation

4

A

The formation of a dense layer on the surface layer of water due to
1. Attraction of water molecules within body of water to other water molecules in all directions
2. Attraction of water molecules at surface to the side and below them
3. The downwards net attraction

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13
Q

water

What is capillary action?

definition and 2-step explanation

3

A

Movement of water through tiny tubes called xylem
1. Water is attracted to the surface of a space through adhesion
2. Other water molecules follow through cohesion

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14
Q

water: thermal properties

What is the heat of vaporization? How does it apply to water?

what must happen for water to vaporise?

single answer

A
  1. The energy required to change a liquid to a gas
  2. To become a gas, hydrogen bonds between water molecules must be broken. Breaking bonds requires energy.
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15
Q

water: thermal properties

What is specific heat capacity?

single answer

A

The energy required to raise 1g of a substances by 1C

degree celcius

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16
Q

water: thermal properties

Is the specific heat capacity/heat of vaporization of water high or low?

single answer

A

Water’s heat capacity and heat of vaporization is high

17
Q

water: thermal properties

What are the applications of the thermal properties of water?

2

A
  1. Cooling
  2. Maintaining ideal temperatures for metabolic rxns
18
Q

water: thermal properties

Explain how water’s application of cooling works

explain process

2

A
  1. The body uses energy to evaporate water from the surface of the body
  2. When water evaporates, it cools the body’s skin

Animals can cool themselves by sweating or panting

19
Q

water: thermal properties

Explain how water’s application of maintaining ideal temperatures for metabolic rxns works

explain why water is ideal for this and two applications

3

A
  1. Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it does not change temperatures quickly
  2. Since the body is 60-75% water, the body avoids reaching extreme temperatures, remaining ideal for metabolic rxns (around 37C)
  3. Large bodies of water maintain a relatively stable thermal environment for aquatic organisms
20
Q

water: solvent properties

Why can water dissolve well in a wide range of biologically important substances?

explain why water is ideal and how it dissolves substances

2

A
  1. Most biologically important substances are polar/charged so the polar water molecules are attracted to them
  2. Water molecules surround the substance particles, allowing them to dissolve
21
Q

water: solvent properties

Explain the application of the solvent properties of water to bodily transport

example: blood

single answer

A

The dissolved nutrients and other substances are transported throughout the body by blood

22
Q

water: solvent properties

Explain the application of the solvent properties of water to bodily metabolism

A
  1. Many rxns require substances to be dissolved
  2. The watery environments of the cytoplasm, stroma, chloroplast, and matrix of the mitochondria (+) dissolve the substances, allowing the rxns to take place
23
Q

water

Substances can be [] or []

in regards to their relationship with water

2

A
  1. Hydrophilic
  2. Hydrophobic
24
Q

water

Hydrophilic substances can be…

regarding polarity (define, though not important)

2

A
  1. Polar: with functional groups like (-OH) that have polar bonds
  2. Charged: Many contain the functional group (-COOH) which partially ionizes the in water and creates (-COO-+H+)
25
Q

Hydrophobic substances are…

regarding polarity (define)

single answer

A

Nonpolar: often with regions containing only carbon and hydrogen

i.e. methane or fatty acid tails of phospholipids

26
Q

water: transport and solubility

Glucose

solubility and mode of transport

A
  1. High solubility
  2. Dissolves in the blood plasma
27
Q

water: transport and solubility

Amino acids

solubility and mode of transport

2

A
  1. high solubility
  2. dissolves in blood plasma
28
Q

water: transport and solubility

Cholesterol

solubility and mode of transport

2

A
  1. low solubility
  2. they are carried by lipoprotein complexes with hydrophilic amino acids on the outside and a binding region for cholesterol with hydrophobic amino acids
29
Q

water: transport and solubility

Fats

solubility and mode of transport

2

A
  1. low solubility
  2. carried by plasma proteins with hydrophilic amino acids on the outside and a binding region for fats with hydrophobic amino acids
30
Q

water: transport and solubility

Oxygen

solubility and mode of transport

2

A
  1. low solubility
  2. carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells
31
Q

water: transport and solubility

Sodium Chloride

solubility and mode of transport

2

A
  1. high solubility
  2. dissolves easily in the blood plasma

HL Biology Unit 2 (3 decks)

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